Climate history database for Sweden 1500-1870

Information about weather-related conditions in Sweden during the period 1500-1870 has been extracted from various historical documents. The information is presented as cited text, together with the date and geographical region for which the information is relevant.

Since the database essentially consists of excerpts from different historical documentary sources of various kinds (Institutional chronicles, accountings, private weather diaries etc) the language is Swedish, though citations of original texts are occasionally given in other languages whenever relevant and when other languages were originally used.

See the Swedish description for more information.

The database contains a large number of contemporary descriptions for the period 1500–1870 from various types of documents — direct observations in diaries, administrative notes on activities that have been affected by weather conditions, letter collections, newspaper articles, etc. — of weather conditions in Sweden within current borders.

** Database file structure and content:

The database is collected in a spreadsheet (xlsx). The same information is also presented in a semicolon-separated text file (csv) (character set: Western Europe, ISO-8859-15 / EURO). File size: 1.6 MB (xlsx) and 4.1 MB (csv). The number of file rows, including the title row, is 20896.

In addition to the data file itself, the dataset also contains a source list in xlsx format. The file has two pages: "Otryckta källor" (unprinted sources) and "Bibliografi" (bibliography). The same information is also presented in two comma-separated csv files (character set: Western Europe, ISO-8859-15 / EURO).

The main database file contains information in eight columns with the following headings (here also translated to English):

* År (year)
* Månad (month)
* Dag (day)
* Annan tidsangivelse (other time indication)
* Område (area)
* Väder (weather)
* Källa (source)
* Ytterligare hänvisning/information (additional reference / information)

The database main language is Swedish. Quotations of writings in old language are generally preserved as in their original spellings.

For a more detailed description of the database content, please see the Swedish data description.

** Main sources and collection method:

The data collection was performed by systematically reading through available archive material and literature relevant to the subject. Information that was considered to be of value for climate history was entered into the database, either as a quotation or in the form of comments, together with an indication of the source material for each individual item (row) in the database. Each such item refers to a more or less specified geographical location and either a specific date or an approximate time period.

Data have been collected along three main channels: unprinted archive material, printed sources and literature.

Unprinted archive material has been retrieved mainly from the National Archives. For the period 1500–1540, data comes mainly from the database of the "Svenskt diplomatariums huvudkartotek" (Sdhk) (Swedish diplomatarium's main file). For the time thereafter, data from, among others, the "Riksregistraturet" (national registry), a collection of copies of letters issued by the "kungliga kansliet" (royal chancellery), has been used. Several unprinted letters, diaries, accounts and reports have also been searched.

A particularly extensive individual source is Märta Helena Reenstierna's (known as the Årsta lady) diaries from Årsta Gård in Stockholm, written during the period 1793–1839 and kept in the Nordic Museum's archives. These diaries contain a large number of notes on local weather conditions. More than half of all individual entries in the database originate from the Årsta diaries.

Printed sources include editions of source publications such as Gustav Vasa's (King Gustav I of Sweden) letters in 29 volumes. There are also the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences' Transactions which, among other things, contain meteorological observations.

The category literature contains a number of local historical presentations. There are also early attempts at climate historical overviews and interpretations. Corporate history and military history literature have also been used.

** The roles of primary researchers during the construction of the database

The main part of the work with building up the database was done during the period 2006–2010 by Johan Söderberg, Lotta Leijonhufvud, Dag Retsö and Ulrica Söderlind at the Department of Economic History, Stockholm University, under the leadership of Johan Söderberg. Curation of the database prior to publication in SND was carried out during 2019–2020 by Lotta Leijonhufvud in collaboration with Anders Moberg, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University.

Previous, unpublished, versions of the database have been used in the following studies (see list of publications):

- Edvinsson et al. (2009). Väder, skördar och priser i Sverige.
- Leijonhufuvud et al. (2010). Five centuries of Stockholm winter/spring temperatures reconstructed from documentary evidence and instrumental observations.
- Wetter et al. (2014). The year-long unprecedented European heat and drought of 1540 – a worst case.
- Retsö (2015). Documentary evidence of historical floods and extreme rainfall events in Sweden 1400–1800.

本数据集提取了1500年至1870年瑞典境内各类历史文献中记载的气象相关信息，这些信息以引述文本形式呈现，并附带相关的日期与地理区域信息。

由于本数据库本质上源自各类历史文献的摘录（包括机构编年史、账目、私人气象日记等），其主体语言为瑞典语；但当原始文本使用其他语言且相关时，引述的原文有时会保留原语言版本。

更多信息请参阅瑞典语版本的数据集说明。

本数据库收录了1500年至1870年间，源自各类文献的大量同期气象记录，涵盖瑞典现有国界范围内的气象情况，资料来源包括日记中的直接观测记录、受气象条件影响的行政活动记录、书信集、报纸文章等。

** 数据库文件结构与内容：

本数据库以电子表格（xlsx）格式存储，同时也提供分号分隔的文本文件（csv，字符集：西欧 ISO-8859-15 / EURO）。两种格式的文件大小分别为1.6 MB（xlsx）与4.1 MB（csv），文件行数（含标题行）共计20896行。

除核心数据文件外，本数据集还包含xlsx格式的来源列表，该文件包含两个工作表："Otryckta källor（未刊文献来源）"与"Bibliografi（参考文献）"。上述信息同样以两个逗号分隔的csv文件形式提供，字符集为西欧 ISO-8859-15 / EURO。

核心数据库文件包含8列信息，其表头如下（此处已译为英文）：
* År（年份）
* Månad（月份）
* Dag（日期）
* Annan tidsangivelse（其他时间标注）
* Område（区域）
* Väder（气象状况）
* Källa（来源）
* Ytterligare hänvisning/information（附加参考/补充信息）

本数据库的主体语言为瑞典语，旧式语言的文本引述通常保留原始拼写形式。

如需了解数据集内容的更详细说明，请参阅瑞典语版本的数据集文档。

** 主要来源与采集方法：

本数据集通过系统查阅与本主题相关的现有档案材料及文献完成采集。对气候史研究具有价值的信息将以引述或注释的形式录入数据库，并为数据库中每条记录（行）标注其来源材料。每条记录对应一个大致明确的地理区域，以及具体日期或近似时间段。

数据采集主要通过三个渠道进行：未刊档案材料、已刊印来源及学术文献。

未刊档案材料主要取自瑞典国家档案馆。1500年至1540年的数据主要源自"Svenskt diplomatariums huvudkartotek（Sdhk，瑞典文献总集主档案库）"的数据库；1540年之后的数据则主要取自"Riksregistraturet（国家登记处）"——即"kungliga kansliet（瑞典皇家枢密院）"发出的书信抄本合集。此外，研究团队还查阅了大量未刊书信、日记、账目与报告。

其中规模最为庞大的单份来源为玛尔塔·海伦娜·雷恩斯蒂尔纳（Märta Helena Reenstierna，人称"厄斯塔夫人"）的日记。该日记于1793年至1839年间撰写，藏于北欧博物馆档案馆，记录了斯德哥尔摩厄斯塔庄园（Årsta Gård）当地的大量气象情况，数据库中超过一半的记录均源自该厄斯塔日记。

已刊印来源包括29卷本的古斯塔夫·瓦萨（瑞典国王古斯塔夫一世）书信集等原始文献的影印版，此外还有瑞典皇家科学院学报，该学报刊载了诸多气象观测记录。

学术文献类则涵盖多部地方史研究成果，以及早期气候史综述与解读作品，同时还使用了企业史与军事史相关文献。

** 数据库构建阶段的主要研究人员职责：

本数据库的主要构建工作于2006年至2010年间由斯德哥尔摩大学经济史系的约翰·瑟德贝里（Johan Söderberg）、洛塔·莱永胡福德（Lotta Leijonhufvud）、达格·雷茨奥（Dag Retsö）与乌尔丽卡·瑟德林德（Ulrica Söderlind）在约翰·瑟德贝里的主持下完成。2019年至2020年间，斯德哥尔摩大学自然地理系的洛塔·莱永胡福德与安德斯·莫伯格（Anders Moberg）合作完成了该数据库在SND发布前的整理工作。

本数据库此前的未刊版本曾用于以下研究（详见已发表文献列表）：
- 埃德温松等（2009）：《瑞典的气象、收成与物价》（Väder, skördar och priser i Sverige）
- 莱永胡福德等（2010）：《基于文献记录与仪器观测重建的五个世纪斯德哥尔摩冬/春季气温序列》
- 韦特等（2014）：《1540年欧洲全年罕见高温与干旱：极端案例分析》
- 雷茨奥（2015）：《1400年至1800年瑞典历史洪水与极端降雨事件的文献记录》