Table S6 from The histone deacetylase NlHDAC1 regulates both female and male fertility in the brown planthopper, <i>Nilaparvata lugens</i>

Histone acetylation is a specific type of chromatin modifications that serves as a key regulatory mechanism for many cellular processes in mammals. However, little is known about its biological function in invertebrates. Here, we identified 12 members of histone deacetylases (NlHDACs) in the brown planthopper (BPH), <i>Nilaparvata lugens</i>. RNAi-mediated silencing assay showed that the <i>NlHdac1</i>, <i>NlHdac3</i> and <i>NlHdac4</i> played critical roles in female fertility via regulating ovary maturation or ovipositor development. Silencing of <i>NlHdac1</i> substantially increased acetylation level of histones H3 and H4 in ovaries, indicating NlHDAC1 is the main histone deacetylase in ovaries of BPH. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis showed that knockdown of <i>NlHdac1</i> impaired ovary development via multiple signalling pathways including the TOR pathway. Acoustic recording showed that males with <i>NlHdac1</i> knockdown failed to make courtship songs, and thus were unacceptable to wild-type females, resulting in unfertilized eggs. Competition mating assay showed that wild-type females overwhelmingly preferred to mate with control males over <i>NlHdac1</i>-knockdown. These findings improve our understanding of reproductive strategies controlled by HDACs in insects and provide a potential target for pest control.组蛋白乙酰化（histone acetylation）是一类特殊的染色质修饰（chromatin modifications）方式，作为哺乳动物诸多细胞过程的关键调控机制发挥作用。然而，人们对其在无脊椎动物（invertebrates）中的生物学功能仍知之甚少。本研究在褐飞虱（brown planthopper, BPH，*Nilaparvata lugens*）中鉴定出12个组蛋白去乙酰化酶（histone deacetylases, HDACs）家族成员，命名为NlHDACs。通过RNA干扰（RNA interference, RNAi）介导的沉默实验发现，*NlHdac1*、*NlHdac3*与*NlHdac4*通过调控卵巢成熟（ovary maturation）或产卵器发育（ovipositor development），对雌性生育力（female fertility）起到关键调控作用。敲低*NlHdac1*可显著提升卵巢内组蛋白H3与H4的乙酰化水平，表明NlHDAC1是褐飞虱卵巢内主要的组蛋白去乙酰化酶。RNA测序（RNA sequencing, RNA-seq）分析显示，沉默*NlHdac1*会通过包括TOR信号通路（TOR pathway）在内的多条信号通路损害卵巢发育。声学记录（acoustic recording）实验表明，*NlHdac1*敲低的雄性个体无法产生求偶歌（courtship songs），因此无法被野生型雌性个体接受，最终导致未受精卵（unfertilized eggs）的产生。竞争交配实验（competition mating assay）结果显示，与*NlHdac1*敲低的雄性相比，野生型雌性压倒性地偏好与对照雄性进行交配。本研究的发现加深了学界对昆虫中由HDACs调控的生殖策略的理解，并为害虫防治（pest control）提供了潜在靶点。