Summary of study location and study design.

BackgroundSchistosomiasis is a parasitic infection that causes significant public health problems in tropical countries. Schistosoma haematobium species are blamable for causing urinary schistosomiasis. The infected person, specifically children, may be carrying the disease. This systematic review aimed to identify the current knowledge of urinary Schistosmiasis in children or USC on its epidemiology, risk factors, and challenges to spread the understanding of controlling the disease and reducing the complications.MethodIn November 2021, a systematic computer-aided literature review was conducted using PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. The results were updated in February 2022. We only used papers that have at least the abstract available in English. Relevant articles were screened, duplicates were deleted, eligibility criteria were applied, and studies that met the criteria were reviewed. The keywords Human Schistosoma infections, prevalence, risk factors and challenges were included. The protocol for the review was registered with PROSPERO (registration number CRD42022311609). Pooled prevalence rates were calculated using the programme R version 4.2.1. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic and p-value. A narrative approach was used to describe risk factors and challenges. Studies were selected and finalised based on the review question to prioritise. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Mixed-Method Appraisal Tool (MMAT).ResultsA total of 248 publications met the requirements for inclusion. Fifteen articles were included in this review, with the result showing high heterogeneity. The pooled prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in children is 4% (95% confidence interval (CI)). Age, poor socioeconomic status, education, exposure to river water, and poor sanitation are the risk factors identified in this review. Challenges are faced due to limitations of clean water, lack of water resources, and poor hygiene.ConclusionModifiable risk factors such as poor knowledge and practices must be addressed immediately. Healthcare providers and schools could accomplish engaging in practical promotional activities. Communicating the intended messages to raise community awareness of urinary schistosomiasis is critical.背景 血吸虫病（Schistosomiasis）是一种寄生虫感染性疾病，在热带国家造成了严重的公共卫生负担。埃及血吸虫（Schistosoma haematobium）是引发尿源性血吸虫病的病原体。感染该疾病的人群，尤其是儿童，可能携带病原菌。本系统综述旨在梳理当前针对儿童尿源性血吸虫病（urinary schistosomiasis in children, USC）的流行病学特征、危险因素及防控挑战的研究进展，以期加深学界对该病的防控认知并降低其并发症发生率。 方法 本研究于2021年11月遵循系统综述与元分析优先报告条目（Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, PRISMA）规范，通过PubMed、SCOPUS及Web of Science数据库开展系统性计算机辅助文献检索，并于2022年2月完成结果更新。本次综述仅纳入英文摘要可获取的文献。我们对相关文献进行筛选、剔除重复项，应用纳入排除标准后，对符合要求的研究展开系统综述。检索关键词包括人类血吸虫感染、患病率、危险因素及防控挑战。本综述的研究方案已在PROSPERO平台注册（注册编号：CRD42022311609）。采用R软件（版本4.2.1）计算合并患病率。使用I²统计量与p值评估研究间异质性。采用描述性叙事法分析危险因素与防控挑战。研究筛选与最终纳入过程均围绕本次综述的核心研究问题展开。采用混合方法评价工具（Mixed-Method Appraisal Tool, MMAT）评估纳入研究的方法学质量。 结果 最终共有248篇文献符合纳入标准，其中15篇文章被纳入本次综述。结果显示纳入研究间存在较高异质性。儿童尿源性血吸虫病的合并患病率为4%（95%置信区间（CI））。本次综述识别出的危险因素包括年龄、社会经济地位低下、教育水平不足、接触疫水以及卫生条件差。当前面临的防控挑战包括清洁水资源匮乏、水资源短缺及个人卫生习惯不良。 结论 诸如认知不足与行为不当等可干预危险因素亟需得到及时干预。医疗保健机构与学校可通过开展实用性健康宣传活动达成防控目标。传递针对性健康信息以提升社区对尿源性血吸虫病的认知水平，对疾病防控至关重要。