Table2_Fine-Scale Population Admixture Landscape of Tai–Kadai-Speaking Maonan in Southwest China Inferred From Genome-Wide SNP Data.XLSX

Guizhou Province harbors extensive ethnolinguistic and cultural diversity with Sino-Tibetan-, Hmong–Mien-, and Tai–Kadai-speaking populations. However, previous genetic analyses mainly focused on the genetic admixture history of the former two linguistic groups. The admixture history of Tai–Kadai-speaking populations in Guizhou needed to be characterized further. Thus, we genotyped genome-wide SNP data from 41 Tai–Kadai-speaking Maonan people and made a comprehensive population genetic analysis to explore their genetic origin and admixture history based on the pattern of the sharing alleles and haplotypes. We found a genetic affinity among geographically different Tai–Kadai-speaking populations, especially for Guizhou Maonan people and reference Maonan from Guangxi. Furthermore, formal tests based on the f3/f4-statistics further identified an adjacent connection between Maonan and geographically adjacent Hmong–Mien and Sino-Tibetan people, which was consistent with their historically documented shared material culture (Zhang et al., iScience, 2020, 23, 101032). Fitted qpAdm-based two-way admixture models with ancestral sources from northern and southern East Asians demonstrated that Maonan people were an admixed population with primary ancestry related to Guangxi historical people and a minor proportion of ancestry from Northeast Asians, consistent with their linguistically supported southern China origin. Here, we presented the landscape of genetic structure and diversity of Maonan people and a simple demographic model for their evolutionary process. Further whole-genome-sequence–based projects can be presented with more detailed information about the population history and adaptative history of the Guizhou Maonan people.

贵州省拥有丰富的民族语言与文化多样性，聚居着汉藏语系（Sino-Tibetan）、苗瑶语系（Hmong–Mien）以及侗台语系（Tai–Kadai）的人群。既往遗传学分析主要聚焦于前两个语系群体的遗传混合历史，而贵州境内侗台语系人群的混合演化历史仍有待进一步阐明。为此，本研究对41名侗台语系毛南族人群的全基因组单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP）数据进行了基因分型，并基于共享等位基因与单倍型模式开展全面的群体遗传分析，以探究其遗传起源与混合历史。研究发现，地理分布各异的侗台语系人群之间存在遗传亲缘关系，其中贵州毛南族与来自广西的参考毛南族群体的遗传相似性尤为显著。此外，基于f3/f4统计量的正式检验进一步证实，毛南族与地理上邻近的苗瑶语系及汉藏语系人群存在紧密的遗传关联，这与历史文献记载的二者共享物质文化的结果高度一致（Zhang等，*iScience*，2020，23，101032）。通过qpAdm模型拟合的双向混合模型显示，毛南族人群的遗传祖先主要与广西古代人群相关，同时携带少量东北亚人群的遗传成分，这与其语言学证据支持的中国南方起源相符。本研究揭示了毛南族人群的遗传结构与多样性特征，并为其演化过程构建了简洁的人口模型。未来基于全基因组测序的相关研究可进一步解析贵州毛南族人群的群体历史与适应演化历史，获取更为详尽的相关信息。