Table_1_Validation of the Spanish Version of the Lucidity and Consciousness in Dreams Scale.DOCX

Lucid dreaming, a specific phenomenon of dream consciousness, refers to the experience being aware that one is dreaming. The primary aim of this research was to validate a Spanish version of the Lucidity and Consciousness in Dreams scale (LuCiD). A secondary aim was to explore whether meditation experience and mindfulness trait were related to LuCiD scores. Data from 367 Spanish men (34.6%) and women (65.4%) who completed LuCiD, the Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) were examined. From the total sample, 40.3% indicated some experience with formal meditation (meditators), while 59.7% did not have any meditation experience (non-meditators). A random subsample of 101 participants, who completed LuCiD for a second time after a period of 10–15days, was used for test–retest reliability analysis. The LuCiD scale comprises 28 items distributed across eight factors: insight, control, thought, realism, memory, dissociation, negative emotion, and positive emotion. Factor structure, reliability by both internal consistency and test–retest reliability, and construct and concurrent validity were tested. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the original eight-factor model, showing goodness of fit in contrast to a single-factor model. Item 15 was deleted from the Dissociation factor as it performed poorly (i.e., skewness and kurtosis, non-normal distribution of responses, and corrected item–total correlation under 0.40). The scale showed adequate values of internal consistency (between α=0.65 for Memory and α=0.83 for Positive Emotion) and test–retest reliability by significant Pearson correlations (p<0.001) for each factor. The scores of meditators were higher for the LuCiD scale Insight and Dissociation factors, in contrast to those of non-meditators. The Observing facet of mindfulness was positively associated with all LuCiD factors, except Realism and Positive Emotion, and the Acting with Awareness facet showed a negative correlation with the LuCiD factor Realism. Finally, positive and negative affects was associated with the LuCiD factors Positive Emotion and Negative Emotion. This study provides a valid and reliable measure for exploring lucidity and consciousness in dreams for a Spanish population, Moreover, the results suggest a relationship with meditation experience, mindfulness trait, and positive and negative affect.

清醒梦（Lucid dreaming）是梦境意识的特定现象，指个体意识到自身正在做梦的体验。本研究的首要目标是验证《梦境清醒度与意识量表》（Lucidity and Consciousness in Dreams scale, LuCiD）的西班牙文版本，次要目标则为探究冥想经验与正念特质是否与LuCiD得分存在关联。研究纳入了367名西班牙籍被试，其中男性占34.6%、女性占65.4%，所有被试均完成了LuCiD、五因素正念问卷（Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire, FFMQ）以及正负性情感量表（Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, PANAS）的测评。总样本中，40.3%的被试报告有正规冥想练习经验（冥想者组），剩余59.7%无任何冥想经验（非冥想者组）。另有101名被试组成的随机子样本，在10至15天后再次完成LuCiD测评，该子样本被用于重测信度分析。LuCiD量表共包含28个条目，划分为8个维度：洞察力、控制感、思维、现实感、记忆、解离、负性情绪以及正性情绪。研究对该量表的因子结构、内部一致性信度与重测信度，以及结构效度与同时效度进行了检验。验证性因子分析（Confirmatory Factor Analysis, CFA）证实了原始的八因子模型具有良好的拟合度，相较单因子模型更优。由于第15题表现不佳（即偏度与峰度不符合正态分布要求、作答数据呈非正态分布、校正题总相关低于0.40），研究者将其从解离维度中删除。该量表展现出良好的内部一致性信度（记忆维度的克朗巴赫α系数为0.65，正性情绪维度为0.83），且各维度的重测信度均达到显著的皮尔逊相关水平（p<0.001）。冥想者组在LuCiD量表的洞察力与解离维度上的得分显著高于非冥想者组。正念的观察维度与除现实感、正性情绪外的所有LuCiD维度均呈显著正相关；而有意识行动维度则与LuCiD的现实感维度呈显著负相关。最后，正性与负性情感分别与LuCiD的正性情绪维度和负性情绪维度存在关联。本研究为西班牙人群的梦境清醒度与意识研究提供了一份信效度良好的测评工具，此外研究结果表明，梦境清醒度与意识水平与冥想经验、正念特质以及正负性情感均存在关联。