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<b>Introduction and methods: </b>Vegetation disturbance intensity serves as a critical determinant of changes in soil nutrients and microbial communities. Karst ecosystems are highly fragile, and vegetation degradation has contributed to severe desertification in these regions. However, the specific effects of vegetation disturbance intensity on soil nutrient availability, microbial diversity, and community composition remain poorly understood in karst areas. To address this knowledge gap, this study investigates how varying levels of vegetation disturbance influence soil properties, as well as the diversity, composition, and interactions of bacterial, fungal, and protist communities in a karst ecosystem. The study included four vegetation disturbance intensities: natural vegetation restoration (control) and slight, moderate, and extreme disturbance. <b>Results: </b>The findings reveal that higher disturbance intensity significantly alters soil nutrient levels, which in turn affects microbial diversity, abundance, community composition, and interspecies interactions. Specifically, increasing vegetation disturbance intensity led to significant declines in soil available nutrients, including nitrate nitrogen (NO₃−), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK). Both slight and moderate disturbances reduced bacterial richness and Shannon diversity, whereas extreme disturbance decreased fungal Shannon diversity compared to the control. Bacterial abundance under moderate and extreme disturbances was significantly lower than that in the control, whereas fungal abundance was significantly higher under extreme disturbance. Although vegetation disturbance reduced soil available nutrients, co-occurrence network analysis revealed greater network complexity under moderate and extreme disturbances, with bacterial-bacterial interactions predominating, alongside enhanced bacterial-fungal and bacterial-protistan interactions. Actinobacteria, Ascomycota, and Chlorophyta emerged as keystone taxa. Pearson correlation analysis identified NO3−, pH, and soil moisture as primary drivers of microbial abundance and diversity, indicating that higher disturbance intensities reduce bacterial abundance and fungal diversity by limiting soil nutrient availability and moisture. Additionally, community compositions of bacteria, fungi, and protists were significantly correlated with AP and AK.<b>Discussion: </b>These findings suggest that short-term vegetation recovery following prolonged moderate and extreme disturbances promotes microbial adaptation to nutrient- and moisture-limited conditions through increased microbial interactions, compensating for losses in abundance and diversity. This study provides valuable insights for ecosystem management and soil restoration in degraded karst landscapes.

**研究背景与方法：** 植被干扰强度是调控土壤养分与微生物群落变化的关键因素。喀斯特生态系统具有高度脆弱性，植被退化已导致该区域出现严重的石漠化。然而，在喀斯特区域中，植被干扰强度对土壤养分有效性、微生物多样性及群落组成的具体影响仍未得到充分阐明。为填补这一研究空白，本研究针对喀斯特生态系统，探究不同梯度植被干扰如何影响土壤理化性质，以及细菌、真菌与原生生物群落的多样性、组成及种间互作关系。本研究设置四类植被干扰梯度：自然植被恢复组（对照组）、轻度干扰组、中度干扰组与极端干扰组。
**研究结果：** 研究结果显示，更高的干扰强度会显著改变土壤养分水平，进而影响微生物多样性、丰度、群落组成及种间互作模式。具体而言，植被干扰强度的提升会显著降低土壤有效养分含量，包括硝态氮（NO₃−）、有效磷（AP）与有效钾（AK）。与对照组相比，轻度与中度干扰均会降低细菌的丰富度与香农多样性，而极端干扰则会降低真菌的香农多样性。中度与极端干扰下的细菌丰度显著低于对照组，而极端干扰下的真菌丰度则显著高于对照组。尽管植被干扰会降低土壤有效养分含量，但共现网络分析结果显示，中度与极端干扰下的网络复杂度更高，其中细菌-细菌互作占主导地位，同时细菌-真菌与细菌-原生生物的互作关系也得到增强。放线菌门、子囊菌门与绿藻门成为该网络中的关键类群。皮尔逊相关性分析表明，硝态氮、pH值与土壤含水量是调控微生物丰度与多样性的主要驱动因子，这说明更高的干扰强度会通过限制土壤养分有效性与含水量，降低细菌丰度与真菌多样性。此外，细菌、真菌与原生生物的群落组成均与有效磷、有效钾含量呈显著相关。
**讨论：** 本研究结果表明，长期中度与极端干扰后的短期植被恢复，可通过增强微生物间的互作关系，促进微生物对养分与水分受限环境的适应能力，从而弥补其丰度与多样性的损失。本研究为退化喀斯特景观的生态系统管理与土壤修复提供了重要的理论参考。