Supplementary Material for: Irrational Beliefs and Psychological Distress: A Meta-Analysis

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Since the cognitive revolution of the early 1950s, cognitions have been discussed as central components in the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses. Even though there is an extensive literature on the association between therapy-related cognitions such as irrational beliefs and psychological distress over the past 60 years, there is little meta-analytical knowledge about the nature of this association. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The relationship between irrational beliefs and distress was examined based on a systematic review that included 100 independent samples, gathered in 83 primary studies, using a random-effect model. The overall effects as well as potential moderators were examined: (a) distress measure, (b) irrational belief measure, (c) irrational belief type, (d) method of assessment of distress, (e) nature of irrational beliefs, (f) time lag between irrational beliefs and distress assessment, (g) nature of stressful events, (h) sample characteristics (i.e. age, gender, income, and educational, marital, occupational and clinical status), (i) developer/validator status of the author(s), and (k) publication year and country. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Overall, irrational beliefs were positively associated with various types of distress, such as general distress, anxiety, depression, anger, and guilt (omnibus: r = 0.38). The following variables were significant moderators of the relationship between the intensity of irrational beliefs and the level of distress: irrational belief measure and type, stressful event, age, educational and clinical status, and developer/validator status of the author. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Irrational beliefs and distress are moderately connected to each other; this relationship remains significant even after controlling for several potential covariates.

**背景：** 自20世纪50年代初的认知革命以来，认知因素一直被视作理解与治疗精神疾病的核心组成部分。尽管过去60年间已有大量文献探讨了治疗相关认知（如非理性信念）与心理痛苦之间的关联，但针对这一关联本质的元分析研究仍较为匮乏。
**方法：** 本研究依托一项系统综述展开，纳入83项原始研究中的100个独立样本，采用随机效应模型检验非理性信念与痛苦间的关联。本研究考察了总体效应及潜在调节变量，具体包括：(a) 痛苦测量工具；(b) 非理性信念测量工具；(c) 非理性信念类型；(d) 痛苦评估方法；(e) 非理性信念的本质属性；(f) 非理性信念评估与痛苦评估之间的时间间隔；(g) 应激事件的性质；(h) 样本特征（涵盖年龄、性别、收入、教育程度、婚姻状况、职业状况与临床状态）；(i) 作者的量表开发/验证身份；以及(k) 出版年份与所属国家。
**结果：** 总体而言，非理性信念与各类痛苦呈显著正相关，包括一般痛苦、焦虑、抑郁、愤怒与内疚（综合效应量r=0.38）。非理性信念强度与痛苦水平之间的关联存在多个显著调节变量，包括非理性信念测量工具与类型、应激事件、年龄、教育程度、临床状态，以及作者的量表开发/验证身份。
**结论：** 非理性信念与痛苦之间存在中等程度的关联；在控制多项潜在混杂变量后，该关联依然具有统计学显著性。