The Developmental State Reloaded: Brazilian Industrial Policy in the XXIst Century, 2017

The last decade in Brazil has seen the emergence of debates about the need of an active industrial policy by the government in order to stimulate the technological upgrading and competitiveness of national industry. However, the Brazilian industrial policy has been characterized by heterogeneous sets of initiatives that vary by sector. Therefore, the aim of this project was to understand: 1) the political and economic factors that affect the process of elaboration and implementation of industrial policy in Brazil; and 2) to what extent these policies affect the ability of domestic firms to upgrade their technological and organizational skills. Empirically, the project focused on a comparative study of Brazil's two most important extractive industries: oil & gas (O&G) and mining. These two sectors are relevant since both oil and iron ore are Brazil's main export products. Despite being extractive industries, both sectors involve complex chains of suppliers that have been recently the target of different policies to stimulate the local production and provision of equipment and services. Additionally, both sectors present considerable differences in the set of policy instruments (e.g. local content requirements) and the intensity of the state intervention. The research design was based on three stages of data collection: 1) document analysis and interview with key-informants in order to map the evolution of the policy-making in each sector and identify relevant policy instruments; 2) case studies with firms within the supply chain of each sector in order to identify whether and how policy instruments affect firms' strategies; 3) collection of data through a survey with a larger sample of firms along the supply chain with the aim to identify general differences in the way policy instruments in each sector affect firm's strategies. The results of the project were expected to raise the knowledge about the economic policy-making in Brazil and the viability of strategies to develop domestic industries in the context of a globalized economy.

This survey was conducted with a sample of companies that are suppliers for the oil and gas sector operating in Brazil. The main themes of the survey are upgrading strategies, collaboration with other firms, and perceptions about the impacts of local content policy. Questions focus on investment strategies, innovation, upgrade, and inter-firm collaboration.

近十年来，巴西国内围绕政府制定积极产业政策以推动本国产业技术升级与竞争力提升的必要性展开了广泛讨论。然而，巴西的产业政策一直呈现出因行业而异的多元化举措组合特征。因此，本项目旨在探究两大核心议题：1）影响巴西产业政策制定与实施进程的政治与经济因素；2）此类政策在多大程度上影响本土企业升级其技术与组织技能的能力。
在实证层面，本项目聚焦于巴西两大核心采掘业——石油天然气（oil & gas, O&G）与矿业的比较研究。这两个行业具备研究价值的原因在于，石油与铁矿石均为巴西主要出口商品。尽管同属采掘业，但二者均拥有复杂的供应链体系，且近年来均成为激励本土设备生产与服务供给的各类政策的实施对象。此外，两个行业在政策工具（例如本地含量要求（local content requirements））的组合以及国家干预的强度上均存在显著差异。
本研究的设计包含三个数据收集阶段：1）文献分析与关键知情人访谈，以梳理各行业政策制定的演进历程并识别相关政策工具；2）针对各行业供应链内的企业开展案例研究，以明确政策工具是否以及如何影响企业战略；3）面向供应链内更大规模企业样本开展调研以收集数据，旨在识别两个行业的政策工具对企业战略产生影响的一般性差异。
本项目的预期成果为增进学界对巴西经济政策制定的认知，以及对全球化经济背景下本土产业发展战略可行性的理解。

本次调研的样本为在巴西运营的石油天然气行业供应商企业。调研的核心主题包括升级战略、企业间协作以及对本地含量政策影响的认知。调研问题聚焦于投资战略、创新、升级以及企业间协作。