TEAMx DECIPHER Monte Baldo Flux Tower, Crest, Raw Data (University of Trento)

1. Short Description of the Sensor The Flux Tower dataset comprises a cluster of instruments deployed at three levels of a 9-m mast to observe the atmospheric properties, airflow characteristics, turbulence (via the eddy covariance method), and local precipitation. The flux tower has three monitoring levels at 3, 6, and 9 m. The list of instruments per level is given below, together with a direct link to each sensor manufacturer's page: 3-m level: First level from the ground devoted to the characterization of the mean and turbulent properties of the airflow. It is also equipped for computing mass fluxes. Sensors deployed at this level are: N. 1 3D Sonic anemometer CSAT3A (Campbell Scientific, https://www.campbellsci.com/csat3a), measuring the three components of the wind velocity and the sonic temperature N. 1 Open-path gas analyser EC150 (Campbell Scientific, https://www.campbellsci.com/ec150), measuring the concentrations of water vapour and carbon dioxide, atmospheric pressure, and air temperature. Coupled with the sonic anemometer, fluxes of water vapour and carbon dioxide can be computed 6-m level: Second level from the ground devoted to the characterization of the mean and turbulent properties of the airflow. Sensors deployed at this level are: N. 1 3D Sonic anemometer CSAT3A (Campbell Scientific, https://www.campbellsci.com/csat3a), measuring the three components of the wind velocity and the sonic temperature N. 1 Thermohygrometer rotronic HC2S3-L (Campbell Scientific, https://www.campbellsci.com/hc2s3), measuring the air temperature and relative humidity 9-m level: Third level from the ground devoted to the characterization of the mean and turbulent properties of the airflow. It also includes a net radiometer to evaluate the radiative balance at the surface. Sensors deployed at this level are: N. 1 3D Sonic anemometer CSAT3A (Campbell Scientific, https://www.campbellsci.com/csat3a), measuring the three components of the wind velocity and the sonic temperature N. 1 Thermohygrometer rotronic HC2S3-L (Campbell Scientific, https://www.campbellsci.com/hc2s3), measuring the air temperature and relative humidity N. 1 All-in-one Weather station ATMOS 41 Gen 2 (Meter, https://metergroup.com/products/atmos-41), measuring solar radiation, precipitation, electrical conductivity, air temperature, barometric pressure, relative humidity, wind speed, direction, maximum gust, lightning, tilt. Data Storage: Data were locally stored in a CR6 (Campbell Sceintific, https://www.campbellsci.com/cr6) and ATMOS ZL6 (Meter, https://metergroup.com/it/products/zl6) dataloggers, and normal operations were monitored via remote access. Power Supply: An input power supply of 12-14 V was ensured through solar panels operating during the whole campaign. 1.2 Specification The specifications for each sensor can be found on the manufacturer's web pages previously reported. 2. Measurement Strategy during the Campaign 2.1 Description of data collection The data collection is organized in three separate folders according to the sample rate of the instrumentation: High Sampling (HF): Data from sonic anemometers and an open-path gas analyser sampled at 20 Hz, including all the levels of the flux tower. Low Sampling - atmosphere (LF - weather): Data from thermohygrometers and the net radiometer sampled at 1 second, including all the levels of the flux tower. Low Sampling - weather station (LF - weather station): Data from the weather station is sampled at 5 minutes. 2.2 Time period covered by the data 24 June 2025 - 09 October 2025 2.3 Time zone UTC+1 2.4 Physical location Latitude 45,6646646; Longitude 10,8160711; Altitude 1668 m 3. Data Processing 3.1 Description of derived parameters and processing techniques used Aggregated raw data files are provided 3.2 Description of quality assurance and control procedures High Sampling (HF) and Low Sampling - atmosphere (LF - weather) are aggregated from the original files stored in the dataloggers, but it was not subject to any quality control or processing Low Sampling - weather station (LF - weather station): the following preprocessing procedures have been applied Physical range check of wind speed (|WS|<50 m/s), air temperature (T>-30°C), and relative humidity (0<RH<100%). Unsatisfying values are replaced with NaNs Solar radiation correction: negative values of solar radiation are averaged together to compute a mean drift that is then added to the measured solar radiation. Remaining negative solar radiation values are then corrected to 0 W/m2 Tilt angle check and correction: If the tilt angle is larger than 15°, data for the whole timestamp are replaced with NaNs If the tilt angle is lower than 15°, the wind speed and direction, and solar radiation are rescaled on the tilt angle (e.g., WS = WS/cos(tilt)) 4. Data Format 4.1 Data file structure NetCDF files with metadata, zipped. Depending on the dimension of the aggregated files, the following structure is chosen: High Sampling (HF): Data are organized in daily files Low Sampling - atmosphere (LF - weather): Data are organized in a single file for the whole campaign Low Sampling - weather station (LF - weather station): Data are organized in a single file for the whole campaign 4.2 File naming convention The file naming is given according to the sample rate of the instrumentation: High Sampling (HF): Crest_ECtower_converted_[file format]_HF_Eddy_[sampling rate].nc Low Sampling - atmosphere (LF - weather): Crest_ECtower_converted_[file format]_LF_weather_[sampling rate].nc Low Sampling - weather station (LF - weather station): Crest_ATMOS_adjusted_[file format]_LF_weatherStation_[sampling rate].nc 4.3 List of relevant parameters and units Each NetCDF file has its own embedded metadata with the descriptions of quantities and units. 5. Data Remarks 5.1 Known missing data periods High Sampling (HF) and Low Sampling - atmosphere (LF - meteo) have missing data from 04-07-2025 around 10:30 UTC+1 to 18-07-2025 around 12:00 UTC+1, and from 21-07-2025 around 21:30 UTC+1 to 23-07-2025 around 10:30 UTC+1. Valid data from the beginning of the sampling period to the end of the last missing data interval must be checked carefully before use 5.2 Software compatibility All software that can read and process NetCDF files1. 传感器简短描述 通量塔数据集由部署于9米高观测杆三个高度层级的成套监测仪器组成，用于开展大气特性、气流特征、湍流（采用涡度协方差法）以及局地降水的观测。该通量塔共设置3米、6米、9米三个监测层级，各层级配备的仪器清单如下，同时附上各传感器厂商官网的直接链接： 3米层级：距地面的首个监测层级，用于表征气流的平均与湍流特性，同时可用于计算物质通量。该层级部署的传感器包括： 1台 三维超声风速仪CSAT3A（Campbell Scientific，https://www.campbellsci.com/csat3a），用于测量风速三分量与声温； 1台 开路式气体分析仪EC150（Campbell Scientific，https://www.campbellsci.com/ec150），用于测量水汽与二氧化碳浓度、大气压强以及气温。配合超声风速仪，可计算水汽与二氧化碳通量。 6米层级：距地面的第二监测层级，用于表征气流的平均与湍流特性。该层级部署的传感器包括： 1台 三维超声风速仪CSAT3A（Campbell Scientific，https://www.campbellsci.com/csat3a），用于测量风速三分量与声温； 1台 罗卓尼克（rotronic）HC2S3-L温湿度传感器（Campbell Scientific，https://www.campbellsci.com/hc2s3），用于测量气温与相对湿度。 9米层级：距地面的第三监测层级，用于表征气流的平均与湍流特性，同时配备净辐射计以评估地表辐射平衡。该层级部署的传感器包括： 1台 三维超声风速仪CSAT3A（Campbell Scientific，https://www.campbellsci.com/csat3a），用于测量风速三分量与声温； 1台 罗卓尼克（rotronic）HC2S3-L温湿度传感器（Campbell Scientific，https://www.campbellsci.com/hc2s3），用于测量气温与相对湿度； 1台 一体式气象站ATMOS 41 Gen 2（Meter，https://metergroup.com/products/atmos-41），用于测量太阳辐射、降水、电导率、气温、气压、相对湿度、风速、风向、最大阵风、闪电以及倾斜角。 数据存储： 数据本地存储于CR6（Campbell Scientific，https://www.campbellsci.com/cr6）与ATMOS ZL6（Meter，https://metergroup.com/it/products/zl6）数据采集器中，系统运行状态通过远程访问进行监控。 电源供应： 观测周期全程采用太阳能板提供12-14V的输入电源。 1.2 技术规格 各传感器的技术规格可参见前述厂商官网页面。 2. 观测期间的测量策略 2.1 数据采集说明 数据采集按仪器采样率分为三个独立文件夹： 高采样（HF）：来自通量塔所有层级的超声风速仪与开路式气体分析仪数据，采样率为20Hz； 低采样-大气（LF-气象）：来自通量塔所有层级的温湿度传感器与净辐射计数据，采样率为1秒； 低采样-气象站（LF-气象站）：来自气象站的数据，采样率为5分钟。 2.2 数据覆盖时段 2025年6月24日 — 2025年10月9日 2.3 时区 UTC+1 2.4 物理位置 纬度45.6646646；经度10.8160711；海拔1668米 3. 数据处理 3.1 衍生参数与处理技术说明 本数据集提供聚合后的原始数据文件。 3.2 质量保证与控制流程 高采样（HF）与低采样-大气（LF-气象）数据仅从数据采集器的原始文件聚合而来，未经过任何质量控制或处理流程； 低采样-气象站（LF-气象站）数据已应用以下预处理流程： 1. 物理范围检查：对风速（|WS|<50 m/s）、气温（T>-30℃）以及相对湿度（0<RH<100%）进行校验，不合格值替换为NaN（非数值）； 2. 太阳辐射校正：将负太阳辐射值取平均以计算平均漂移量，将该漂移量添加至实测辐射值后，将剩余负辐射值修正为0 W/m²； 3. 倾斜角检查与校正： - 若倾斜角大于15°，则将对应时间戳的全部数据替换为NaN； - 若倾斜角小于15°，则按倾斜角对风速、风向以及太阳辐射进行校正（例如WS = WS/cos(倾斜角)）。 4. 数据格式 4.1 数据文件结构 采用带元数据的NetCDF（网络通用数据格式）文件并进行压缩。根据聚合文件的大小，采用以下存储结构： - 高采样（HF）：按日文件组织数据； - 低采样-大气（LF-气象）：采用单文件存储全观测周期的数据； - 低采样-气象站（LF-气象站）：采用单文件存储全观测周期的数据。 4.2 文件命名规范 文件命名依据仪器采样率制定： - 高采样（HF）：Crest_ECtower_converted_[文件格式]_HF_Eddy_[采样率].nc - 低采样-大气（LF-气象）：Crest_ECtower_converted_[文件格式]_LF_weather_[采样率].nc - 低采样-气象站（LF-气象站）：Crest_ATMOS_adjusted_[文件格式]_LF_weatherStation_[采样率].nc 4.3 相关参数与单位列表 每个NetCDF文件均内嵌元数据，包含变量描述与单位信息。 5. 数据备注 5.1 已知数据缺失时段 高采样（HF）与低采样-大气（LF-气象）数据存在两处数据缺失时段：2025年7月4日约10:30 UTC+1至2025年7月18日约12:00 UTC+1，以及2025年7月21日约21:30 UTC+1至2025年7月23日约10:30 UTC+1。使用前需仔细核查采样起始至最后一次缺失时段结束的有效数据。 5.2 软件兼容性 所有可读取并处理NetCDF文件的软件。