Backward Stealing and Forward Manipulation in the WTO

Motivated by the structure of WTO negotiations, we analyze a bargaining environment in which negotiations proceed bilaterally and sequentially under the most-favored-nation (MFN) principle. We identify backward-stealing and forward-manipulation problems that arise when governments bargain under the受世界贸易组织（World Trade Organization，WTO）谈判架构的启发，我们分析了一种议价环境：该环境下的谈判遵循最惠国（most-favored-nation, MFN）原则，以双边、序贯的方式推进。我们识别出各国政府在……议价时出现的逆向攫取与正向操纵问题。