Data_Sheet_1_Innovative organic nutrient management and land arrangements improve soil health and productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in an organic farming system.docx

IntroductionSoil health is vital for ecosystems, but excessive use of fertilizers, chemicals, and irrigation harms soil fertility, leading to reduced yields and degradation. Thus, exploring innovative land arrangements and nutrient management for staple crops such as wheat is essential. Organic farming offers a promising solution. This study hypothesized that an appropriate land arrangement, combined with split applications of farmyard manure (FYM) and liquid organic fertilizer, can enhance wheat productivity while also improving soil health. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different sowing methods and organic nutrient management practices on the productivity of wheat and soil health.
MethodsThis study aimed to examine the impact of sowing methods and nutrient management practices on soil health and organic wheat productivity during the winter seasons of 2021–22 and 2022–23 at the Organic Farming Unit (Agronomy), Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot design, with three land arrangements/sowing methods in the main plot and eight nutrient management approaches in the subplots.
ResultsConcerning different land arrangements, the furrow irrigated raised bed sowing (FIRB) method resulted in the maximum wheat yield (4.34 t ha−1) compared with flat row sowing and zero tillage sowing. With respect to nutrient management practices, 75% of the recommended dose of N (RDN) through the FYM was basal + 25% RDN with the 1st irrigation + Jeevamrut application at 500 L ha−1 during sowing, and the 1st irrigation + Panchagavya spraying at 5% during the booting stage resulted in the highest grain yield (4.47 t ha−1). Both the zero tillage and FIRB land arrangements resulted in better soil biological activities and microbial counts than did flat sowing. The results indicate that sowing wheat via the FIRB method, with the recommended nitrogen dose applied through split applications of FYM along with liquid organic manures such as Jeevamrut and Panchagavya, can be an excellent option for organic wheat cultivation. This approach can enhance both yield and soil health.
ConclusionSeventy-five percent RDN through FYM as a basal + 25% RDN during the 1st irrigation + Jeevamrut at 500 L ha−1 during sowing and the 1st irrigation + spraying of Panchagavya at 5% during the booting stage effectively increased the growth and yield of organic wheat. With respect to land arrangements, both FIRB and zero tillage resulted in better growth, yield, and soil biological properties. The practical utility of this study is the optimization of split applications of FYM and land arrangements for organic wheat cultivation.

引言
土壤健康对生态系统至关重要，但化肥、化学药剂的过量施用与不合理灌溉会损害土壤肥力，导致作物减产与土壤退化。因此，针对小麦等主粮作物探索创新的土地配置模式与养分管理方案极为关键。有机农业为此提供了极具前景的解决方案。本研究提出假说：合理的土地配置模式配合农家肥（farmyard manure, FYM）与液态有机肥的分次施用，可在提升小麦生产能力的同时改善土壤健康状况。本研究的目标在于探究不同播种方式与有机养分管理措施对小麦产量及土壤健康的影响。

材料与方法
本研究于2021-2022与2022-2023两个冬小麦季，在乌代布尔MPUAT拉贾斯坦农业学院有机农业单元（农艺学方向）开展，旨在探究播种方式与养分管理措施对土壤健康及有机小麦产量的影响。本试验采用裂区设计，主区设置3种土地配置/播种方式，副区设置8种养分管理方案。

结果与分析
针对不同土地配置模式，沟灌垄作播种（furrow irrigated raised bed sowing, FIRB）方式的小麦产量最高，达4.34 t·ha⁻¹，优于平作条播与免耕播种。在养分管理措施方面，以农家肥（FYM）提供75%的推荐施氮量（recommended dose of N, RDN）作为基肥，结合首次灌溉时施加25%的推荐施氮量、播种时施加500 L·ha⁻¹的Jeevamrut，以及首次灌溉时施加、孕穗期喷施5%浓度的Panchagavya的组合方案，可实现最高籽粒产量（4.47 t·ha⁻¹）。免耕与沟灌垄作播种两种土地配置模式均较平作播种更能改善土壤生物活性与微生物数量。研究结果表明，采用沟灌垄作播种方式，并配合以农家肥分次施用推荐施氮量，同时搭配Jeevamrut与Panchagavya等液态有机肥，是有机小麦种植的优良方案，可同时提升产量与土壤健康水平。

结论
以农家肥（FYM）提供75%的RDN作为基肥，配合首次灌溉时施加25%的RDN、播种时施加500 L·ha⁻¹的Jeevamrut，以及首次灌溉时施加、孕穗期喷施5%浓度的Panchagavya的方案，可有效促进有机小麦的生长与产量提升。在土地配置模式方面，沟灌垄作播种（FIRB）与免耕两种方式均可提升小麦生长、产量与土壤生物学特性。本研究的实践价值在于优化了有机小麦种植中农家肥分次施用方案与土地配置模式。