Table_1_Genetic diversity of Newcastle disease viruses circulating in wild and synanthropic birds in Ukraine between 2006 and 2015.DOCX

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infects a wide range of bird species worldwide and is of importance to the poultry industry. Although certain virus genotypes are clearly associated with wild bird species, the role of those species in the movement of viruses and the migratory routes they follow is still unclear. In this study, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of nineteen NDV sequences that were identified among 21,924 samples collected from wild and synanthropic birds from different regions of Ukraine from 2006 to 2015 and compared them with isolates from other continents. In synanthropic birds, NDV strains of genotype II, VI, VII, and XXI of class II were detected. The fusion gene sequences of these strains were similar to strains detected in birds from different geographical regions of Europe and Asia. However, it is noteworthy to mention the isolation of vaccine viruses from synanthropic birds, suggesting the possibility of their role in viral transmission from vaccinated poultry to wild birds, which may lead to the further spreading of vaccine viruses into other regions during wild bird migration. Moreover, here we present the first publicly available complete NDV F gene from a crow (genus Corvus). Additionally, our phylogenetic results indicated a possible connection of Ukrainian NDV isolates with genotype XXI strains circulating in Kazakhstan. Among strains from wild birds, NDVs of genotype 1 of class I and genotype I of class II were detected. The phylogenetic analysis highlighted the possible exchange of these NDV strains between wild waterfowl from the Azov-Black Sea region of Ukraine and waterfowl from different continents, including Europe, Asia, and Africa.

新城疫病毒（Newcastle disease virus, NDV）在全球范围内可感染多种鸟类，对家禽养殖业具有重要意义。尽管部分病毒基因型与野生鸟类存在明确的宿主关联，但这类鸟类在病毒传播过程中所扮演的角色及其自身的迁徙路径仍有待阐明。本研究于2006年至2015年间，对采集自乌克兰不同区域的野生鸟类及伴人鸟类的21924份样本进行检测，从中鉴定出19株NDV序列，并开展系统发育分析，同时将这些序列与其他大洲的病毒分离株进行比对。在伴人鸟类中，检出了Ⅱ类新城疫病毒的Ⅱ型、Ⅵ型、Ⅶ型及ⅩⅪ型毒株。上述毒株的融合基因序列，与欧洲、亚洲不同地理区域鸟类中检出的毒株序列具有高度同源性。值得关注的是，本研究从伴人鸟类中分离得到了疫苗毒株，这提示这类鸟类可能介导免疫家禽与野生鸟类之间的病毒传播，进而可能在野生鸟类迁徙过程中推动疫苗毒株向其他区域扩散。此外，本研究首次公开了源自鸦属（Corvus）乌鸦的完整NDV F基因序列。另外，系统发育分析结果显示，乌克兰NDV分离株与哈萨克斯坦境内流行的ⅩⅪ型毒株存在潜在的亲缘关联。在野生鸟类来源的毒株中，检出了Ⅰ类的1型及Ⅱ类的Ⅰ型NDV。系统发育分析结果表明，乌克兰亚速海-黑海区域的野生水禽，与欧洲、亚洲、非洲等不同大洲的水禽之间，可能存在这类NDV毒株的跨境传播与毒株交换。