Longer wing bones in warmer climates suggest a role of thermoregulation in bird wing evolution

The tendency for animals in warmer climates to be longer-limbed (Allen’s Rule) is widely attributed to the demands of thermoregulation. The role played by thermoregulation in structuring bird wings, however, has been overshadowed by the selective demands placed on wings by flight. Using computer vision, we measure wing bone length from photographs of museum skeletal specimens for 1,520 species of passerine birds. We then model the relationship between wing bone length and temperature, accounting for allometry, the demands of flight efficiency and maneuverability, and a range of ecological and environmental variables.  We find that wing bones are longer in warmer climates. Our models, largely as a result of allometric effects, explain nearly all the variation in wing bone length in our data, with a marginal R2 = 0.80 and a conditional R2 > 0.99.  Thus, across 1,520 species of birds, higher temperatures are associated with longer wing bones, as predicted by Allen’s Rule...., The data were collected by photographing museum skeletal specimens and then segmenting, identifying, and measuring the wing bones using Skelevision (Weeks et al., 2023).
Weeks, B.C., Z. Zhou, B.K. O'Brien, R. Darling, M. Dean, T. Dias, G. Hassena, M. Zhang, and D.F. Fouhey. 2023. A deep neural network for high-throughput measurement of functional traits on museum skeletal specimens. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 14(2): 347-359., , # Longer wing bones in warmer climates suggest a role of thermoregulation in bird wing evolution

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.7wm37pw4h](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.7wm37pw4h)

## Description of the data and file structure

These data were produced using computer vision to analyze photographs of museum skeletal specimens. 

### Files and variables

#### File: DataS2-Bird\_Phylogeny\_8-17-21.tre

**Description:**  This is a consensus phylogeny produced using 1,000 samples from the posterior distribution of the Jetz et al. 2012 phylogeny based on the Hackett et al. 2008 backbone tree following the procedure outlined in Rubolini et al. 2015.  

References:

Jetz et al. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

Hackett et al. 2008. A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history. Science 320(5884): 1763-1768.

Rubolini et al. 2015. Using the BirdTree.org website to obtain robust phylogenies for avian comparative studies: A primer. Cur...,

气候温暖地区的动物肢体更长的规律（阿伦法则，Allen’s Rule）通常被归因于体温调节的需求。然而，体温调节在塑造鸟类翅膀形态中所扮演的角色，却因飞行对翅膀的选择压力而被掩盖。本研究借助计算机视觉技术，对1520种雀形目鸟类的博物馆骨骼标本照片进行翅骨长度测量。随后我们构建了翅骨长度与温度之间的关系模型，同时纳入异速生长（allometry）、飞行效率与机动性需求，以及一系列生态与环境变量作为控制因素。研究发现，气候越温暖的地区，鸟类的翅骨越长。我们的模型主要得益于异速生长效应，几乎解释了数据中翅骨长度的全部变异，边际决定系数（marginal R²）为0.80，条件决定系数（conditional R²）则大于0.99。因此，在1520种鸟类中，更高的环境温度与更长的翅骨长度相关，这与阿伦法则的预测一致。本数据集通过拍摄博物馆骨骼标本照片，再借助Skelevision工具（Weeks等，2023）完成翅骨的分割、识别与测量工作而获取。

Weeks, B.C.、Z. Zhou、B.K. O'Brien、R. Darling、M. Dean、T. Dias、G. Hassena、M. Zhang 与 D.F. Fouhey，2023。一款可高通量测量博物馆骨骼标本功能性状的深度神经网络。《生态学与进化方法》14(2): 347-359。

# 温暖气候下更长的翅骨表明体温调节在鸟类翅膀演化中发挥作用
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.7wm37pw4h

## 数据集与文件结构说明
本数据集通过计算机视觉技术分析博物馆骨骼标本照片生成。

### 文件与变量
#### 文件：DataS2-Bird_Phylogeny_8-17-21.tre
**文件说明：** 该文件为共识系统发育树，基于Hackett等（2008）的骨干树，以Jetz等（2012）系统发育的后验分布1000个样本构建，构建流程遵循Rubolini等（2015）的方法。

参考文献：
Jetz等，2012。全球鸟类的时空分布多样性。《自然》491: 444-448。
Hackett等，2008。鸟类的系统基因组学研究揭示其演化历史。《科学》320(5884): 1763-1768。
Rubolini等，2015。通过BirdTree.org网站获取鸟类比较研究所需可靠系统发育树：入门指南。Cur...（原文未完结）