Oil disasters and government actions in the face of social, environmental, and health-related impacts: A scoping review

ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze the actions taken by governments to face the social, environmental, and health impacts of oil spill disasters worldwide. This scoping review was conducted in Bireme, Lilacs, SciELO, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases, considering articles published between 1973 and 2021. The database search returned 22 articles on ten global oil disasters in three continents (Asia, the Americas, and Europe), whose causes were grounding (03), shipwreck (01), collision (02), spill (03), and explosion (01). The actions developed were characterized as intersectoral, economic, environmental, and health-related, and the most frequent were environmental and economic actions. In the actions developed, we observed criticisms of controlling, mitigating, or preventing instantaneous or future damages resulting from oil disasters, which is still an open agenda for social movements in the struggle to ensure a healthy, health-promoting environment that preserves all its biodiversity. The actions to face oil disasters in different countries seem incipient, revealing a governmental inability to guide the confrontation of the impacts of this unusual event.

摘要 本文旨在剖析全球范围内各国政府为应对石油泄漏灾害所引发的社会、环境与健康影响而采取的各类举措。本次范围综述（scoping review）检索了Bireme、Lilacs、SciELO、PubMed、考克兰图书馆（Cochrane Library）及Embase六大数据库，纳入1973年至2021年间发表的相关文献。本次数据库检索共获得涉及三大洲（亚洲、美洲、欧洲）10起全球石油泄漏灾害的22篇文献，这些灾害的致因分别为触礁（3起）、船舶失事（1起）、碰撞（2起）、溢油（3起）与爆炸（1起）。所采取的应对举措可划分为跨部门、经济、环境及健康相关四大类别，其中最为频发的为环境类与经济类举措。在现有应对举措中，学界对石油灾害引发的即时或远期损害的管控、缓解与预防工作多有批评；而对于致力于打造健康、促进健康且保护全域生物多样性的环境的社会运动而言，这依然是一项未决议程。各国针对石油泄漏灾害的应对举措尚处起步阶段，这暴露出政府在指导应对这一非常规事件所带来的影响方面存在能力不足。