Data_Sheet_1_Ocean Solutions to Address Climate Change and Its Effects on Marine Ecosystems.xlsx

The Paris Agreement target of limiting global surface warming to 1.5–2°C compared to pre-industrial levels by 2100 will still heavily impact the ocean. While ambitious mitigation and adaptation are both needed, the ocean provides major opportunities for action to reduce climate change globally and its impacts on vital ecosystems and ecosystem services. A comprehensive and systematic assessment of 13 global- and local-scale, ocean-based measures was performed to help steer the development and implementation of technologies and actions toward a sustainable outcome. We show that (1) all measures have tradeoffs and multiple criteria must be used for a comprehensive assessment of their potential, (2) greatest benefit is derived by combining global and local solutions, some of which could be implemented or scaled-up immediately, (3) some measures are too uncertain to be recommended yet, (4) political consistency must be achieved through effective cross-scale governance mechanisms, (5) scientific effort must focus on effectiveness, co-benefits, disbenefits, and costs of poorly tested as well as new and emerging measures.

到2100年将全球地表升温较工业化前水平限制在1.5–2°C的《巴黎协定》（Paris Agreement）目标，仍会对海洋产生深远影响。尽管亟需采取雄心勃勃的减缓与适应举措，但海洋为全球层面降低气候变化及其对重要生态系统与生态系统服务的影响提供了重大行动契机。本研究对13项全球及局地尺度的海洋相关措施开展了全面系统的评估，以期为技术研发与行动落地导向可持续发展目标提供指引。研究表明：(1) 所有措施均存在权衡取舍，需结合多重标准对其潜力开展综合评估；(2) 统筹全球与局地解决方案可实现最大效益，其中部分举措可立即实施或扩大规模；(3) 部分措施目前尚存在较大不确定性，暂不具备推荐条件；(4) 需通过有效的跨尺度治理机制实现政策一致性；(5) 科研工作应聚焦于尚未充分验证以及新兴措施的有效性、协同效益、不利影响与实施成本。