Data Sheet 1_Influence of Mediterranean university campuses on taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity of urban spiders (Araneae).zip

University campuses are well differentiated places from other urban areas because they are usually built to foster an educational environment, support scientific research and nature conservation. However, few studies have tested their potential benefit for urban biodiversity, which could be especially relevant in understudied hot spots, like the Mediterranean region. Spiders, as top urban predators, play a vital role in ecosystem functioning and serve as bioindicators for certain habitat alterations. Here, we investigated whether university campuses in a Mediterranean city hold higher levels of spider diversity than other non-campus urban areas. To do so, we analyzed abundance and the taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity of ground-dwelling and web-weaving spider communities of three university campuses and three other non-campus urban areas in the city of Granada (Spain). Contrary to our expectations, the results suggest that university campuses harbor similar levels of spider diversity to other urban areas. Furthermore, we identified certain urban features that can significantly influence spider assemblages in cities. The presence of native and reduced maintenance along with specific surface types (i.e., herbaceous, campus buildings, pavement and bare soil) were found to enhance the diversity of the urban ground-dwelling spider communities, while web-weaving species are more susceptible to the distance to the outskirts, university campuses management or landscape coverages (i.e., herbaceous or bare soil). These findings suggest that such features should be considered when designing urban areas to promote urban biodiversity.

大学校园与其他城市区域存在显著差异，因其通常以营造教育环境、支撑科学研究与自然保护为核心目标规划建设。然而，鲜有研究探讨其对城市生物多样性的潜在增益效应，这一点在诸如地中海地区这类研究不足的生物多样性热点区域中尤为关键。蜘蛛作为城市顶级捕食者，在生态系统功能维持中发挥着不可或缺的作用，同时可作为部分生境变化的生物指示物。本研究以地中海城市内的大学校园为研究对象，探究其蜘蛛多样性水平是否高于其他非校园城市区域。为此，我们针对西班牙格拉纳达市的3所大学校园与3处非校园城市区域，分析了地表栖息型与结网型蜘蛛群落的个体丰度、分类多样性、功能多样性与系统发育多样性。与研究预期相悖的是，结果显示大学校园的蜘蛛多样性水平与其他城市区域并无显著差异。此外，本研究还识别出若干可显著影响城市蜘蛛群落组成的城市特征要素：原生植被覆盖与低维护强度，搭配特定地表类型（即草本植被、校园建筑、铺装地面与裸土），可提升城市地表栖息型蜘蛛群落的多样性；而结网型蜘蛛则更易受距城市边缘的距离、大学校园管理模式或景观覆被（即草本植被或裸土）的影响。上述研究结果表明，在规划城市区域以提升城市生物多样性时，应将上述特征纳入考量范畴。