TABLE 3 in A new species of Acarnus Gray, 1867 (Porifera, Demospongiae, Acarnidae) from NE Brazil

TABLE 3. Comparative morphological and spicule dimensions, and distribution data for valid published species in the Acarnus “tortilis” group of species. Values are in micrometers (µm), expressed as minimum–maximum or minimum– average –maximum length/width. References are numbered in parentheses and listed at the bottom of the table. SpeciesForm of growthSpiculesOccurrence/ DepthCladotylotesMegascleres others: (t: tylotes; s: styles)Toxas (I—Oxhorn; II—Thin deep-curved; III—Acco- lada)IsochelaeA. toxeata UFBA 2705Thin to thickly encrust- ing growing on rhodo- liths and bivalve shells fragmentsI—161.6– 220.1 –252.5/2.4– 5.5 –7.3. Cladome (14.6– 21.7 –26.8 width) II—82.9– 96.8 –141.5/1.2– 2 – 3.6. Cladome (4.8– 7.6 –12.2 width)t: 191.9– 248.4 –313.1/ 2.4– 3.7 –4.8 s: 343.4– 439.3 –575.7/ 4.8– 7.3 –12.2I—29.2– 45.4 –68.3 II—80– 141.9 –248.8 III—363– 498.9 –616.19.7– 11.3 – 14.6Bahia State (Brazil).A. bergquistae van Soest, Hooper & Hiemstra, 19911Thickly incrusting ag- glutinating detritus.I—118–212/ 4–8 II—58–109/3–5t: 183–363/3–7 s: 197–334/ 7–16I—44–110 II—80–265 III—absent7–16Indo-West Pacifc (Aus- tralia, Indonesia, India, Madagascar)/ 10 mA. deweerdtae van Soest, Hooper & Hiemstra, 19911Thinly (1mm) incrust- ing undersides of coral rubble.I—190–279 II—105–128/2–4 III—67–86/1–2t: 290–350/3–5 s:400–566/ 5–6I—absent II—40–180 III—160–40015–20Southern, Eastern and Southwestern Caribbean./ 5–100mA. oaxaquensis Aguilar-Ca- macho, Carballo & Cruz- Barraza, 20132Thinly (<1mm) incrust- ing, living inside and over coral cavities.I—125–162.5/3–5, cladome 10–20 II—62.5–82.5/2–3 μm, cladome 7.5–10t: 105–268/2–5 s: 192.5–325/3–10I—57.5–90 II—35–170 III—Absent17.5–25Mexico/ 4m.CladotylotesMegascleres others:Toxas (I—Oxhorn; II—ThinIsochelae(t: tylotes; s: styles)deep-curved; III—Acco-lada)A. sabulum Aguilar-Cama-Thinly incrustingI—100–155/2.5–7.5,t: 140–240/2–5I—25–6010–16Mexico/ 3–4mcho, Carballo & Cruz-Bar-growing on rocky areascladome 10–22.5s: 200–330/2.5–10II—25–115raza, 20132and rhodoliths.II—60–82/2–3 cladomeIII—82.5–167.57.5–12.5A. tenuis Dendy, 1896180–137–154/2t: 96–142–176/2--Australias: 152–184–205/4.A. topsenti Dendy, 19223Digitate53– 76.7 –97/3– 5.1 –8t: 205– 227.4 –262/2–short to long and thick,9– 10.7 –12Indic Ocean (Cargadosto flabellate spongeCladome 5– 8.9 –142.5 –3.5generously curved at theCarajos) /60m.with digitiform pro-s: 204– 223.7 –287/3–centre, with recurved tips,cesses.7.8 –1232– 112.2 –191/1– 2.3 –4A. tortilis Topsent, 18921Massively to thinlyI—113–220/ 3–6t: 250–400/ 3–6Toxa I and II not differenti-11–22Western Mediterranean,incrusting, often ag-II—55–110/1–3.5s: 295–550/5–16ated.Azores, Atlantic coast ofglutinating subustrate20–190/ 0.5–5North Spain, Cape Verdeparticles or algae.III—modified in the formislands./6–91m.of thin straight toxa, lackingthe sharp-angled centralcurve and recurved wings:170–600CladotyloteMegascleres othersToxa (I—Oxhorn; II—ThinIsochelae(t: tylote; s: styles)deep-curved; III—Accolada)A. claudei van Soest,Massive, consolidat-I—160–230/8t: 130–230/ 3–4I—50–200/3–511–18South Africa: CapeHooper & Hiemstra,ing calcareous algae.II—80–110/ 2s: 175–400/ 6–20II—50–140Town, Mossel Bay and19911III—200–250Pt. Elisabeth.A. erithacus deMassive, cushion-I—180–610/5–t: 160–420/2.5–7.5I—230–65010–15Gulf of California/Laubenfels, 19272shaped or vase-25.s: 230–850/7.5–50II—100–25036–122 mshapedCladome 12.5–90.III—35–140 (accolada)II—65–180/2.5–5. cladomeIV—25–100 (accolada)5–20A. innominatus Gray,Thick incrustingI—233–267.4–299/ 8.1–9.5–t: 137– 268.4 –313/3.3–I—61– 90.7 –123/ 4.7– 7.4 –10– 14 –18South Africa, Colombia,1867310.93.8–4.79.5Dominican republic,II—133–138/4.7s: 404– 431.8 –461/10–II—43– 101.6 –330/1.4–5.2Brazil/ 4 m.16.6–21.4III—209– 425.1 –741/1.4– 2.4 –4.3A. hoshinoi van Soest,Thick incrustingI—195–280/ 6–15t: 240–280/3–4I—45–250/2–56–9–10South India and SriHooper & Hiemstra,II—70–140/3–5s: 260–450/16–25II—25–170Lanka/ Intertidal.19911III—190–590/1–3A. ternatus Ridley,Flabellate-vasiform85–205/2–11t: 200–280/2–5I—41–266/1–69–22East African coral coast;18841to tubulo-digitate;s: 139–281/2–14II—80–770/0.5–5Seychelles; South Indiasemi-incrustingand Sri Lanka/14–80m.rough surfaceA. thielei Lévi, 19581Thinly encrustingI—130–188/3–4.5t: 206–222/ 2–3I—60–2007–9Southern Red Sea; SouthII—61–79/1–2s: 230–296/5–6II—25–70India and Sri Lanka.III—240–420A. wolffgangi Keller,uninformedI—220–277/10–16t: 250–290/3–4I—40–15019–24Southern Red Sea;1889 (Siboga speci-II—80–108/ 2–3s: 340–445/ 21–33II—20–200Western and Northernmen)1III—350–1000Madagascar表3 棘海绵属（Acarnus）“tortilis”类群已发表有效物种的比较形态学、骨针尺寸及分布数据。所有数值单位均为微米（µm），以最小值–最大值或最小值–平均值–最大值的长度/宽度形式表示。参考文献以括号内编号标注，并列于表格底部。 | 物种 | 生长形态 | 骨针参数 | | | | 尺寸范围 | 分布/栖息深度 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | 具枝头状骨针（cladotylotes） | 其他大型骨针（t: 头状骨针(tylotes); s: 尖棒骨针(styles)） | 弓形骨针(toxas)（I—牛角形；II—细深弯曲形；III—钩形(Accolada)） | 等钳骨针(isochelae) | | | A. toxeata UFBA 2705 | 薄至厚结壳状，附着于藻砾(rhodoliths)及双壳类贝壳碎片 | I型：161.6–220.1–252.5/2.4–5.5–7.3，骨针分枝部宽度14.6–21.7–26.8；II型：82.9–96.8–141.5/1.2–2–3.6，骨针分枝部宽度4.8–7.6–12.2 | t:191.9–248.4–313.1/2.4–3.7–4.8；s:343.4–439.3–575.7/4.8–7.3–12.2 | I:29.2–45.4–68.3；II:80–141.9–248.8；III:363–498.9–616.1 | 9.7–11.3–14.6 | 巴西巴伊亚州 A. bergquistae van Soest, Hooper & Hiemstra, 1991 | 厚结壳状，黏结碎屑 | I:118–212/4–8；II:58–109/3–5 | t:183–363/3–7；s:197–334/7–16 | I:44–110；II:80–265；III:缺失 | 7–16 | 印度-西太平洋（澳大利亚、印度尼西亚、印度、马达加斯加）/10m A. deweerdtae van Soest, Hooper & Hiemstra, 1991 | 薄型（1mm）结壳状，附着于珊瑚碎块底面 | I:190–279；II:105–128/2–4；III:67–86/1–2 | t:290–350/3–5；s:400–566/5–6 | I:缺失；II:40–180；III:160–400 | 15–20 | 加勒比海南部、东部及西南部/5–100m A. oaxaquensis Aguilar-Camacho, Carballo & Cruz-Barraza, 2013 | 薄型（<1mm）结壳状，栖息于珊瑚孔洞内部及表面 | I:125–162.5/3–5，骨针分枝部宽度10–20；II:62.5–82.5/2–3μm，骨针分枝部宽度7.5–10 | t:105–268/2–5；s:192.5–325/3–10 | I:57.5–90；II:35–170；III:缺失 | 17.5–25 | 墨西哥/4m A. sabulum Aguilar-Camacho, Carballo & Cruz-Barraza, 2013 | 薄型结壳状，附着于岩质区域及藻砾 | I:100–155/2.5–7.5，骨针分枝部宽度10–22.5；II:60–82/2–3，骨针分枝部宽度7.5–12.5 | t:140–240/2–5；s:200–330/2.5–10 | I:25–60；II:25–115；III:82.5–167.5 | 10–16 | 墨西哥/3–4m A. tenuis Dendy, 1896 | 生长形态未明确 | I:80–137–154/2 | t:96–142–176/2；s:152–184–205/4 | 未明确 | 未明确 | 澳大利亚 A. topsenti Dendy, 1922 | 短至长指状，扇状海绵，具指状突起，中部宽曲，顶端反曲 | I:53–76.7–97/3–5.1–8，骨针分枝部宽度5–8.9–14；II:未明确 | t:205–227.4–262/2–2.5–3.5；s:204–223.7–287/3–7.8–12 | I:32–112.2–191/1–2.3–4；II:未明确；III:未明确 | 未明确 | 印度洋（卡加多斯-卡拉若斯群岛）/60m A. tortilis Topsent, 1892 | 厚至薄结壳状，常黏结基质颗粒或藻类 | I:113–220/3–6；II:55–110/1–3.5 | t:250–400/3–6；s:295–550/5–16 | I型和II型弓形骨针未区分；III型特化为细直弓形骨针，无尖角中央弯曲部及反曲翼，尺寸170–600 | 11–22 | 西地中海、亚速尔群岛、西班牙北海岸、佛得角群岛/6–91m A. claudei van Soest, Hooper & Hiemstra, 1991 | 团块状，固结钙藻 | I:160–230/8；II:80–110/2；III:200–250 | t:130–230/3–4；s:175–400/6–20 | I:50–200/3–5；II:50–140 | 11–18 | 南非：开普敦、莫塞尔湾及伊丽莎白港 A. erithacus de Laubenfels, 1927 | 垫状或瓶状 | I:180–610/5–25，骨针分枝部宽度12.5–90；II:未明确 | t:160–420/2.5–7.5；s:230–850/7.5–50 | I:230–650；II:100–250；III:35–140（钩形）；IV:25–100（钩形） | 10–15 | 加利福尼亚湾/36–122m A. innominatus Gray, 1867 | 厚结壳状 | I:233–267.4–299/8.1–9.5–10.9；II:133–138/4.7 | t:137–268.4–313/3.3–3.8–4.7；s:404–431.8–461/10–16.6–21.4 | I:61–90.7–123/4.7–7.4–9.5；II:43–101.6–330/1.4–5.2；III:209–425.1–741/1.4–2.4–4.3 | 10–14–18 | 南非、哥伦比亚、多米尼加共和国、巴西/4m A. hoshinoi van Soest, Hooper & Hiemstra, 1991 | 厚结壳状 | I:195–280/6–15；II:70–140/3–5；III:190–590/1–3 | t:240–280/3–4；s:260–450/16–25 | I:45–250/2–5；II:25–170 | 6–9–10 | 印度南部及斯里兰卡/潮间带 A. ternatus Ridley, 1884 | 扇状瓶形至管状指状；半结壳状，表面粗糙 | I:85–205/2–11；II:未明确 | t:200–280/2–5；s:139–281/2–14 | I:41–266/1–6；II:80–770/0.5–5 | 9–22 | 东非珊瑚海岸；塞舌尔；印度南部及斯里兰卡/14–80m A. thielei Lévi, 1958 | 薄型结壳状 | I:130–188/3–4.5；II:61–79/1–2；III:240–420 | t:206–222/2–3；s:230–296/5–6 | I:60–200；II:25–70 | 7–9 | 南红海；印度南部及斯里兰卡 A. wolffgangi Keller, 1889（Siboga标本） | 生长形态未明确 | I:220–277/10–16；II:80–108/2–3；III:350–1000 | t:250–290/3–4；s:340–445/21–33 | I:40–150；II:20–200 | 19–24 | 南红海；马达加斯加西部及北部