Tic, Tii and Trii calls: advertisement call descriptions for eight glass frogs from Colombia and analysis of the structure of auditory signals in Centrolenidae

In anurans, vocalisations are the main behavioural modality of communication. Hence, the description of acoustic signals in anurans is important for understanding many aspects of their biology. We describe for the first time the advertisement calls for eight glass frog species (Centrolene antioquiensis, ”Centrolene” robledoi, Nymphargus caucanus, N. chami, N. ignotus, N. rosada, N. spilotus, Sachatamia orejuela) and provide additional data on the recently described advertisement calls of Espadarana audax. In addition, we review the current knowledge of advertisement calls for all glass frog species (Centrolenidae). Based on the predominant temporal and the spectral structure, we identified three major types of calls in the family: 1) calls consisting of unpulsed short notes with amplitude modulation, similar to a ‘Tic’, 2) calls consisting of one long note (whistled) without amplitude modulation, similar to a ‘Tii’ and 3) calls consisting of pulsed or pulsatile notes, similar to a ‘Trii’. We mapped these acoustic characters in the context of the evolutionary history of Centrolenidae. Descriptions presented here offer evidence to recognise most centrolenid calls using measurable characters in the field or laboratory. As such, we hope to stimulate future studies based on bioacoustical analysis in this widespread and highly diverse Neotropical clade.

在无尾目（Anura）动物中，鸣唱行为是核心的通讯行为模态。因此，对无尾目动物声学信号的记述，对于理解其生物学诸多维度均具有关键意义。我们首次报道了8种玻璃蛙（glass frog）的求偶鸣唱（advertisement call），分别为：安第斯瞻星蛙（Centrolene antioquiensis）、"Centrolene" robledoi、考卡宁蛙（Nymphargus caucanus）、查米宁蛙（N. chami）、隐斑宁蛙（N. ignotus）、玫瑰宁蛙（N. rosada）、斑点宁蛙（N. spilotus）以及奥雷霍萨查蛙（Sachatamia orejuela）；同时补充了新近记述的大胆瞻星蛙（Espadarana audax）的求偶鸣唱相关数据。此外，我们梳理了当前所有瞻星蛙科（Centrolenidae）物种求偶鸣唱的已知研究成果。基于其主导的时域与频谱结构特征，我们在该科中识别出3类主要鸣唱类型：1）由带振幅调制的无脉冲短音节构成的鸣唱，类似‘嗒’（Tic）声；2）由无振幅调制的长音节（哨音型）构成的鸣唱，类似‘啼’（Tii）声；3）由脉冲式或具脉冲特征的音节构成的鸣唱，类似‘嘟’（Trii）声。我们将这些声学特征结合瞻星蛙科的演化历史开展了映射分析。本文提供的记述可为野外或实验室环境下通过可测量特征识别多数瞻星蛙类鸣唱提供实证依据。基于此，我们期望能够推动针对这一分布广泛且高度多样化的新热带演化支的生物声学分析相关后续研究。