Unraveling silicate liquid immiscibility and apatite saturation in the mesostasis pocket of mare basalt: Evidences from Chang'E-5 lunar samples

Figure S1 Back scatter electron (BSE) images of Chang’E-5 breccia 136GP (top) and 143 GP (bottom)

Figure S2 Chemical composition of silicate minerals in CE-5 136GP and 143 GP breccias and comparison with CE-5 mare basalts. A) Quadrilateral diagram of pyroxene in the Chang’E-5 mare basalt. B) Ternary diagram of feldspar from the Chang’E-5 mare basalts. C) Chemical compositions of olivine. The gray background areas represent the composition range of silicate minerals in Chang'e-5 basalts reported by previous studies (Che et al., 2021; He et al., 2022; Hu et al., 2021; Jiang et al., 2022; Tian et al., 2021).

Figure S3 Element mapping of one representative mesostasis fragment in CE-5 136GP. a)-j) indicate the abundance maps of Si, Al, Mg, Na, K, Ca, Fe, Mn, Ti, and P within this lithic clast. All of them are in the same scale and the scale bar could be found in J. On each element map, the red or yellow color represents the relative elevated abundance of one specific element; the blue or black indicate its low abundance. k) is the BSE image of this clast and the yellow box outlines the mapping area.

Figure S4 Predicted value of P2O5 concentration (wt%) required for phosphate saturation in the Si-rich melts. The calculation is based on the equation built by Tollar et al. (2006). a) and b) represents the function of SiO2 and CaO concentrations (wt%) respectively. The melt temperature is fixed at 1010 °C. The black circles indicate the data of Si-rich portion within the CE-5 mesostasis fragments investigated in the present study. These plots indicate that apatite crystallized in some of the Si-rich melts.

Table S1 Representative mineral EPMA analyses of major compositions (wt%) in the CE-5 mesostasis fragments.

Table S2 Representative Raman spectra of minerals in the CE-5 mesostasis fragments.

补充图S1 嫦娥五号（Chang’E-5）136GP与143GP角砾岩的背散射电子（Back Scatter Electron, BSE）图像，上图为136GP样品，下图为143GP样品

补充图S2 嫦娥五号（Chang’E-5）136GP与143GP角砾岩中硅酸盐矿物的化学成分，及其与嫦娥五号月海玄武岩的对比。A) 嫦娥五号月海玄武岩中辉石的化学成分四边形图解；B) 嫦娥五号月海玄武岩中长石的化学成分三元图解；C) 橄榄石的化学成分。灰色背景区域代表前人研究报道的嫦娥五号玄武岩中硅酸盐矿物的成分范围（Che et al., 2021; He et al., 2022; Hu et al., 2021; Jiang et al., 2022; Tian et al., 2021）。

补充图S3 嫦娥五号（Chang’E-5）136GP中1个代表性填间碎屑的元素面分布图。a)~j) 分别为该岩屑内Si、Al、Mg、Na、K、Ca、Fe、Mn、Ti与P的元素丰度分布图，所有图像均采用统一比例尺，比例尺详见子图J。每张元素丰度分布图中，红色或黄色代表对应元素的相对丰度升高，蓝色或黑色代表其丰度偏低。k) 为该岩屑的背散射电子图像，黄色框标注了面扫描区域。

补充图S4 富硅熔体中达到磷酸盐饱和所需P2O5浓度（质量分数，wt%）的预测值，该计算基于Tollar等人2006年建立的经验方程。a)与b)分别为SiO2与CaO浓度（质量分数，wt%）的函数关系图，熔体温度固定为1010 ℃。黑色圆点代表本研究中分析的嫦娥五号填间碎屑富硅组分的实测数据。上述图表表明，部分富硅熔体中曾发生磷灰石结晶作用。

补充表S1 嫦娥五号（Chang’E-5）填间碎屑中代表性矿物的电子探针显微分析（Electron Probe Micro Analysis, EPMA）主要成分数据（质量分数，wt%）。

补充表S2 嫦娥五号（Chang’E-5）填间碎屑中代表性矿物的拉曼光谱数据。