Data and supplementary information for: Natural versus anthropogenically-accelerated erosion in Central Brazil, a confrontation of time and space scales

These text and Excel files provide supplementary information for the paper entitled "Natural versus anthropogenic erosion in Central Brazil, a confrontation of time and space scales" and submitted to Earth's Future for consideration of publication. The objective of this dataset is to present all the analytical results that support all the conclusions included in this paper. Soil erosion is a global threat to the well-being of billions of people. With the looming global crisis, this systemic problem is likely to get worser, especially in the intertropical zone where many countries are also vulnerable to environmental and socio-economic instabilities. There is still much to learn about the links between natural and human-induced erosion processes, and it remains complex to differentiate them. This study proposes an original combination of techniques, each of them being well recognized in their scientific community but rarely combined to the best of our knowledge. We focused our approach on the region of Brasília, the Cerrado savanna, which is sensitive because of the need of ecosystem conservation and the conflict between preservation of natural spaces and development of human activities. Our study shows how a landscape in a state of equilibrium, where erosion and soil formation rates are in balance, is perturbated by agricultural activities with erosion rates at least 150 times faster, jeopardizing the sustainability of the soil resource. Table of content S1 – Excel file containing 12 spreadsheets with tables S1.1 – Geomorphic characteristics of the watersheds and localization of the samples S1.2a - Density profiles (cylinders method) S1.2b - Pedological analyses (INRAE ARRAS Laboratory) S1.3 – Meteoric Be-10 measured in soil profiles and inventories S1.4 - Results of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry for in situ Be-10 (ASTER, LN2C, Aix-en-Provence, France) S1.5 – Meteoric Be-10 and authigenic Be-9 measured in river-borne sediments S1.6 - In situ production parameters and [Be-10] derived denudation rates and integration times S1.7 - Cosmogenic Ne-21 analytical results and Exposure age (CRONUS) S1.8 - 210Pbxs and 137Cs activities and inventories S1.9 - Georeferenced information used for the RUSLE models for the study area. S1.10 - Summary of erodibility values (t.ha.MJ-1 mm-1) applied in the studied area S1.11 - CP factors for the study area. S1.12a Synthesis of the soil erosion rates determined by RUSLE Models for the natural state (Scenario without human impacts). S1.12b Synthesis of erosion rates derived by the RUSLE Models for the “Natural State” by watersheds (Scenario without human impacts). S1.12c. Synthesis of the erosion rates derived by RUSLE Models around and inside the National Park of Brasília for 1975, 1985 and 2018 (after Rosa et al., 2022). S1.12d - Synthesis of the erosion rates determined by RUSLE Models by watersheds for 1975, 1985 and 2018 (after Rosa et al., 2022). S1.12e - Synthesis of the erosion rates determined by the RUSLE Models by land use and cover types for 1975, 1985 and 2018 (after Rosa et al., 2022). S2 – Text file with two figures dealing with natural rates of landscape evolution using cosmogenic nuclides (in situ and meteoric 10Be, in situ produced 21Ne) S3 – Text file with four figures dealing with anthropogenic rates of erosion from short-lived radioactive nuclides and RUSLE models. S4 – Text file listing the references cited in the supplemental information

本数据集包含文本文件与Excel文件，为提交至《Earth's Future》期刊待刊的论文《巴西中部自然侵蚀与人为侵蚀：时空尺度的对比》提供补充支撑材料。
本数据集的目标是呈现支撑该论文全部结论的所有分析结果。
土壤侵蚀是威胁全球数十亿民众福祉的全球性问题。随着全球危机日益迫近，这一系统性难题可能进一步恶化，在众多国家都面临环境与社会经济不稳定风险的热带地区尤为如此。目前学界对自然侵蚀与人为诱发侵蚀过程间的关联仍有诸多待解之处，且二者的区分仍颇具复杂性。
本研究创新性地结合了多种技术手段——这些技术各自在其科研领域中都已得到广泛认可，但据我们所知，此前极少被如此组合应用。研究聚焦于巴西利亚所在的塞拉多（Cerrado）稀树草原区域，该区域因生态系统保护需求、自然空间保护与人类活动开发间的冲突而具有极高的研究敏感性。本研究揭示了本应处于侵蚀与土壤形成速率平衡状态的稳定景观，如何因农业活动受到扰动：人为侵蚀速率较自然状态至少快150倍，这将危及土壤资源的可持续性。
### 附件目录
S1 – Excel文件，内含12张工作表：
S1.1 流域地貌特征与采样点位信息
S1.2a 密度剖面（圆柱法）
S1.2b 土壤学分析（INRAE ARRAS（法国国家农业食品与环境研究院阿尔勒实验室））
S1.3 土壤剖面与储量中测得的大气成因铍-10（meteoric Be-10）
S1.4 原位铍-10（in situ Be-10）的加速器质谱（Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, AMS）分析结果（法国艾克斯-普罗旺斯的ASTER、LN2C实验室）
S1.5 河流沉积物中测得的大气成因铍-10（meteoric Be-10）与自生铍-9（authigenic Be-9）
S1.6 原位产生参数、由铍-10浓度推导的剥蚀速率与积分时长
S1.7 宇宙成因氖-21（cosmogenic Ne-21）分析结果与暴露年龄（CRONUS测年软件）
S1.8 210Pbxs与137Cs的活度与储量
S1.9 研究区修正通用土壤流失方程（Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, RUSLE）模型所用的地理参考信息
S1.10 研究区应用的土壤可蚀性值（单位：t·ha·MJ⁻¹·mm⁻¹）汇总
S1.11 研究区的CP因子参数
S1.12a 自然状态（无人类影响情景）下由RUSLE模型测算的土壤侵蚀速率汇总
S1.12b 按流域划分的自然状态（无人类影响情景）下RUSLE模型推导的侵蚀速率汇总
S1.12c 1975年、1985年与2018年巴西利亚国家公园内外区域的RUSLE模型侵蚀速率汇总（数据源自Rosa等人2022年研究）
S1.12d 按流域划分的1975年、1985年与2018年RUSLE模型推导的侵蚀速率汇总（数据源自Rosa等人2022年研究）
S1.12e 按土地利用与覆被类型划分的1975年、1985年与2018年RUSLE模型测算的侵蚀速率汇总（数据源自Rosa等人2022年研究）
S2 – 文本文件，包含2张图表，涉及利用宇宙成因核素（原位产生与大气成因¹⁰Be、原位产生²¹Ne）的景观演化自然速率
S3 – 文本文件，包含4张图表，涉及利用短寿命放射性核素与RUSLE模型得到的人为侵蚀速率
S4 – 文本文件，列出了补充材料中引用的全部参考文献