Supplementary file 5_Identifying recruitment strategies to improve the reach of evidence-based health promotion, disease prevention, and disease self-management interventions: a scoping review.docx

IntroductionImproving the reach of existing lifestyle interventions focused on health promotion, disease prevention, and self-management delivered in community or clinical settings has the potential to increase the public health impact of these interventions. However, little is known about the overall success of recruitment strategies or the specification of strategy components including the details of how, through which channel, and by whom the recruitment strategies are enacted.
MethodsWe conducted a scoping review with guidance from the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. For transparency and reproducibility, we adhered to the PRISMA-S and PRISMA-ScR guidelines for reporting literature searches and scoping reviews. Our eligibility criteria included studies that reported recruitment strategies to improve reach (enrollment number, participation rate, and representativeness of participants) of health promotion, disease prevention, and self-management lifestyle interventions for children or adults worldwide. Recruitment strategies for non-lifestyle interventions, such as pharmaceutical trials, were excluded. Databases included Medline (Ovid), Embase (embase.com), CINAHL Complete (Ebscohost), APA PsycINFO (Ebscohost), and Dissertation and Theses Global (ProQuest). Database search results were retrieved on March 2–3, 2023.
ResultsFrom a total of 9,712 references, 98 studies were included. Eight studies compared recruitment strategies using a randomized controlled trial and 90 studies were evaluations/quasi-experiments that reported on reach. There was a wide variety of recruitment strategies used, with 32% of the studies utilizing more than one recruitment strategy. The average reach, operationalized as participation rate, of the primary strategy (n = 15 defined strategies) being tested ranged from 3 to 41%. Further, participation rates ranged across studies that focused on children (43%), adults (25%), and older adults (16%). Most included studies did not report (1) strategy timing and dose, (2) theoretical basis, or (3) potential mechanisms of improved reach. Finally, differences in how the denominator was operationalized reduced confidence in comparing across strategies.
DiscussionMore clarity is needed when reporting on specific recruitment strategies used to improve the reach of lifestyle interventions. Suggestions include guidance on how to consistently define a denominator of eligible participants exposed to recruitment strategies. Furthermore, the use of theoretical approaches and testing of potential mechanisms of effect are needed in future studies to advance the science of improving lifestyle intervention reach.
Systematic review registrationThe unique identifier for our scoping review is 3g68b it can be found at this url: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/3G68B.

引言 优化现有在社区或临床场景中开展的、以健康促进、疾病预防及自我管理为核心的生活方式干预项目的覆盖范围，有望提升这些干预措施的公共卫生影响力。然而，目前学界对招募策略的整体成效，以及策略组成要素（包括招募的实施方式、渠道与主体细节）的明确规范仍知之甚少。
方法 本研究遵循《JBI证据合成手册》（JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis）开展范围综述（scoping review）。为确保研究的透明性与可重复性，我们严格遵循PRISMA-S与PRISMA-ScR报告规范，开展文献检索与范围综述工作。本研究的纳入标准为：全球范围内报道了可提升儿童或成人健康促进、疾病预防及自我管理类生活方式干预项目覆盖范围的招募策略的研究，覆盖范围指标包括入组人数、参与率与受试者代表性。非生活方式干预（如药物试验）的招募策略相关研究被排除。检索数据库包括Medline（Ovid平台）、Embase（embase.com）、CINAHL Complete（Ebscohost平台）、APA PsycINFO（Ebscohost平台）以及Dissertation and Theses Global（ProQuest平台）。数据库检索结果于2023年3月2日至3日完成获取。
结果 本研究共检索到9712条参考文献，最终纳入98项研究。其中8项研究采用随机对照试验比较不同招募策略的效果，其余90项为报道覆盖范围的评估类/类试验研究。本研究涉及的招募策略种类繁多，其中32%的研究采用了多种招募策略。在被测试的15种明确界定的核心招募策略中，以参与率作为覆盖范围衡量指标的平均参与率介于3%至41%之间。进一步分析显示，不同人群相关研究的参与率存在差异：儿童人群研究为43%，成年人群为25%，老年人群为16%。多数纳入研究未报告以下三类信息：（1）策略实施时机与剂量；（2）理论基础；（3）提升覆盖范围的潜在作用机制。此外，由于分母的定义与操作方式存在差异，跨策略比较的可信度受到影响。
讨论 为优化生活方式干预项目的覆盖范围，在报告所采用的具体招募策略时，需进一步明确相关细节。相关建议包括：制定统一规范，以明确界定暴露于招募策略的合格受试者分母。此外，未来研究需采用理论研究方法并验证潜在的作用机制，以推动提升生活方式干预项目覆盖范围相关学科的发展。
系统综述注册 本范围综述的唯一标识符为3G68B，可通过以下网址查询：https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/3G68B。