Replication Data for: Who Counts? Non-Citizen Residents, Spatial Sorting, and Malapportionment

Existing research argues that malapportionment primarily favors rural areas,
resulting in conservative biases of electoral systems. In this paper, we provide
a new perspective on the study of apportionment processes by identifying
the institutional design under which malapportionment may favor other regions.
Because of the geographical sorting of non-citizen residents, we argue
that regions with high shares of non-citizen residents benefit from populationbased
apportionment, whereas the spatial sorting of non-citizens does not affect
malapportionment in case of citizen-based apportionment. Empirically, we use
sub-national data from ten advanced democracies to forward evidence that differences in apportionment mechanisms and district-level shares of non-citizen
residents systematically influence malapportionment. Our findings suggest that
the impact of malapportionment on political representation and public policies
might be more heterogeneous than previously thought.

现有研究指出，议席分配失衡（malapportionment）主要向农村地区倾斜，进而导致选举制度呈现保守主义偏向。本文为席位分配程序的研究提供全新视角，通过识别可使议席分配失衡偏向其他地区的制度设计。鉴于非公民居民的地理分布特征，我们提出，非公民居民占比较高的地区将从基于人口的席位分配制（population-based apportionment）中获益；而若采用基于公民身份的席位分配制（citizen-based apportionment），非公民居民的空间分布则不会对议席分配失衡产生影响。实证层面，我们采用10个发达民主国家的次国家级数据（sub-national data），为“席位分配机制与选区层面非公民居民占比的差异会系统性影响议席分配失衡”这一结论提供实证支持。我们的研究发现表明，议席分配失衡对政治代表权与公共政策的影响，或许比此前学界所认为的更具异质性。