Capture histories of owls with covariates for survival analysis

Early life experiences have carry-over effects that manifest in later life stages. Challenging rearing environments result in more energy invested in immediate survival and less energy on growth and maturation, which can decrease survival in both the short and long term. One way to measure differences in energy allocation to growth between individuals is through physiological indices, such as concentrations of the metabolic hormone corticosterone, and body condition. Corticosterone increases in response to challenges to homeostasis and mobilizes stored fat and muscle to meet energetic demands. Maintaining elevated corticosterone can result in poor body condition and decreased survival. Juvenile or pre-breeding age classes are typically a substantial portion of the total population and serve key functions in population dynamics in many long-lived species. Thus, understanding how the rearing environment may influence demographics across life-history stages is crucial to understanding larg..., We used capture histories, feathers, and banding data collected from 2001 to 2017 as part of a long-term demographic monitoring program for Spotted Owls (e.g., Lint et al. 1999). Study areas included Cle Elum and Olympic Peninsula in Washington state, and Coast Range, H.J. Andrews, Tyee, Klamath, and South Cascades in Oregon state (Figure 1). These study areas cover almost 10% of the range of Spotted Owls and have varying topography, climate, land management, and forest structure, as described in prior publications (e.g., Forsman et al. 2011, Dugger et al. 2016). Cle Elum, Coast Range, Tyee, and Klamath study areas contain a blend of federal and private lands, while Olympic Peninsula, H.J. Andrews, and South Cascades largely cover federal lands.
Our field crews monitored historic Spotted Owl territories annually, using standard protocols to estimate occupancy, survival, and reproductive output of individually marked owls (Franklin et al. 1996). After juvenile owls left the nest, survey...,

早期生命经历会产生遗留效应，这类效应会在个体后续生命阶段中显现。具有挑战性的抚育环境会使个体将更多能量投入即时生存，而减少用于生长与成熟的能量，这会降低个体的短期与长期存活率。衡量个体间生长能量分配差异的方法之一，是通过生理指标进行评估，例如代谢激素皮质酮（corticosterone）的浓度与体况。皮质酮会在个体面临稳态失衡挑战时升高，并动员储存的脂肪与肌肉以满足能量需求。维持皮质酮水平升高会导致体况恶化与存活率降低。在许多长寿物种中，幼体或繁殖前年龄组通常占种群总数的相当比例，并在种群动态中发挥关键作用。因此，明晰抚育环境如何影响不同生命史阶段的种群统计特征，对于理解[原文此处内容未完成]至关重要。
我们采用了2001年至2017年间收集的捕获记录、羽毛样品与环志数据，这些数据作为斑点鸮（Spotted Owls）长期种群统计监测项目的一部分（例如Lint等，1999）。研究区域涵盖华盛顿州的克利埃勒姆（Cle Elum）与奥林匹克半岛（Olympic Peninsula），以及俄勒冈州的海岸山脉（Coast Range）、H.J.安德鲁斯（H.J. Andrews）、泰伊（Tyee）、克拉马斯（Klamath）与南喀斯喀特（South Cascades）（图1）。这些研究区域几乎覆盖了斑点鸮分布范围的10%，且地形、气候、土地管理方式与森林结构均存在差异，正如既往研究文献所述（例如Forsman等，2011；Dugger等，2016）。克利埃勒姆、海岸山脉、泰伊与克拉马斯研究区域为联邦土地与私有土地的混合区域，而奥林匹克半岛、H.J.安德鲁斯与南喀斯喀特研究区域则以联邦土地为主。
我们的野外团队每年对历史斑点鸮领地开展监测，采用标准规程估算已标记个体的领地占用率、存活率与繁殖产出（Franklin等，1996）。在幼鸮离巢后，调查[原文此处内容未完成]