Characteristics of participants in included studies.

Legend: Mean and (standard deviation SD) for PPDFU- Past present plantar diabetic foot ulcer (case), DPN- Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (control) groups. Weighted means (weighted by sample size) and ranges provided in final row.MPT is the monofilament perception threshold and VPT is the vibration perception threshold (both used in the diagnosis of DPN), ABPI represents ankle brachial pressure index values. DM Type is diabetes mellitus type (type 1 = T1 and type 2 = T2).aThese variables were not described with SD but reported ranges, the difference between the maximum and mean (maximum minus the mean) are reported instead of SD.bThis study reported findings as number of feet instead of patients.c26% of PPDFU group had digital or metatarsal amputations. BMI (SD) was calculated from data provided in non-metric format.dThis study used an active ulcer group (33%) for PPDFU but utilised the non-ulcerated foot for measurement of plantar pressure.