Environmental logger data from stations at Masig Island, Maizab Kaur (Bramble Cay), the North Warrior Reefs and Thursday Island from 2018-2020 (NESP TWQ 5.14, AIMS)

Data is from a series of instruments, including temperature loggers, weather stations and turbidity / salinity loggers deployed at four sites in the Torres Strait (Thursday Island – logger + weather station), Masig Island (logger + weather station), Bramble Cay (Maizab Kaur – logger + weather station) and the northern Warrior Reefs (turbidity and salinity) as part of a larger project to investigate the impact of Fly River discharge waters on the Torres Strait. Weather station data provides wind and atmospheric data to drive oceanographic models, temperature data identifies periods of thermal anomalies that may be related to coral bleaching and ecosystem health and the turbidity / salinity loggers identifies times where low salinity / high turbidity waters encroach on the northern part of the Torres Strait.This work represents a two-year extension to a previous NESP project with the extension, for this part of the project, looking to deploy instruments at the Northern Warrior Reefs for turbidity and salinity monitoring and to maintain the rest of the instruments to support the modelling work and remote sensing analysis.The overall project was to identify the fate of waters from the Fly River in Papua New Guinea and their potential impact on the Torres Strait region. This component of the project looked to provide real time weather information to drive the oceanographic models that model sediment transport and water movement. The Temperature loggers form an extension of previous work around identifying times of temperatures anomalies that may be linked to coral bleaching events. The work has identified a cool region in the east of the Torres Straits that may be important for longer term coral health. Finally, turbidity and salinity instruments were deployed at the Northern Warrior Reefs following concerns that this area was impacted by seagrass die-back and so may be showing signs of impact from PNG coastal waters.Two drone flights were also done over Bramble Cay, one in November 2019 and the second in October 2020. GeoTIFF images from the Drone-Deploy software are included in the data set.Methods:Weather Stations: Standard AIMS weather stations based on a Vaisala WTX-530 weather station along with a Li-Cor LI-192 PAR light sensor were deployed previously at Tuesday Islet near Thursday Island, at Masig (Yorke) Island in the central Torres Strait and at Bramble Cay (Maizab Kaur) in the north-east of the Torres Strait.Data collected includes:- Wind speed and direction averaged over 10 and 30 minutes- Relative Humidity- Barometric Pressure- Rainfall- Air Temperature- Light as PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation)As well as the above water sensors the stations had below water sensors, typically Seabird SBE39 temperature and depth sensors.Temperature Loggers:Small self-contained temperature loggers were deployed at a series of sites across the Torres Strait, due to restriction on retrieving these this data only includes loggers from the weather station sites. The loggers are Vemco Minilog-T II loggers (no longer produced) and record temperature every 10 minutes.Turbidity / Salinity Loggers:The instruments deployed on the Northern Warrior Reefs consisted of a Wet-Labs NTUS turbidity sensor and a SeaBird SBE-37 CTD instrument. The instruments were deployed in early 2020 and recovered in late 2020 for about a year’s worth of data. The data was downloaded and with the manufacturers software converted to standard units including accounting for calibration data. The data was topped and tailed to remove data when the instruments were not in the water (using the time stamps and depth sensor). Finally, the data was visually inspected and any spikes and other anomalous values removed.Drone Images:Drone surveys were done of Bramble Cay to get data on cay movement and stability. A DJI Phantom-3 drone was used to collect images, the images were then stitched into an ortho-mosaic using the Drone-Deploy software system.Drone Deploy is a web service where you program in your area to service. It then controls the Drone using an app that flies it in a pattern to cover the area, taking photos along the way. These photos are then uploaded to the Drone Deploy servers where they are stitched together using Photogrammetry into an ortho-mosaic (looking straight down from a long way away).Limitations of the data:Due to technical issues, there are data gaps in the data sets. It is difficult to get to the stations to do repairs and the presence of COVID-19 restrictions added to this.Format:Weather Station Data:This can be obtained from the AIMS web site at: Maritime Weather and Oceanographic Observations (https://weather.aims.gov.au/#/overview). The data included in this report is downloaded 10 minute raw data and daily averaged data as excel spreadsheets.Logger Data:The logger data can also be accessed from the AIMS web site at: Spatial Maps - Research Data - Australian Institute of Marine Science (aims.gov.au). The data included in this report is the downloaded raw 10 minute data as Excel files.Turbidity and Salinity Data:The data is included as the raw data files from the instruments (no quality control) and then as Excel files that have been quality controlled. Data is 10 minute readings converted to either PSU for salinity or NTU for turbidity. Dates are shown as local times (UTC+10) and identified as such by the column titles.Drone Images:The exported files from Drone Deploy are included, these are Zip files with a KML file that refences the included GeoTIFF file. These files are large and so may not load on older computers.References:Waterhouse, J., Petus, C., Brodie, J., Bainbridge, S., Wolanski, E., Dafforn, K.A., Birrer, S.C., Lough, J., Tracey, D., Johnson, J.E., Chariton, A.C., Johnston, E.L., Li, Y., Martins, F., O’Brien, D. (2018) Identifying water quality and ecosystem health threats to the Torres Strait and Far Northern GBR from runoff of the Fly River. Report to the National Environmental Science Program. Reef and Rainforest Research Centre Limited, Cairns (162pp.).Bainbridge, S.J., Berkelmans, R., Sweatman, H and Weeks, S. (2015). Monitoring the health of Torres Strait Reefs – Final Report. Report to the National Environmental Research Program. Reef and Rainforest Research Centre Limited, Cairns (pp 74).Data Location:This dataset is filed in the eAtlas enduring data repository at: data\custodian\2019-2022-NESP-TWQ-5\5.14_TS-water-quality

本数据集的数据源自一系列部署于托雷斯海峡（Torres Strait）4个站点的观测仪器，包括温度记录仪（temperature logger）、气象站（weather station）以及浊度/盐度记录仪（turbidity/salinity logger），相关部署作为“探究巴布亚新几内亚弗莱河（Fly River）排湖水对托雷斯海峡的影响”大型项目的一部分开展。四个站点分别为：星期四岛（部署记录仪+气象站）、马西格岛（Masig Island，部署记录仪+气象站）、布兰布勒礁（Bramble Cay，又名Maizab Kaur，部署记录仪+气象站）以及北沃里厄礁（Northern Warrior Reefs，部署浊度与盐度监测仪器）。

气象站数据可提供风场与大气数据，用于驱动海洋环流模型；温度数据可识别可能与珊瑚白化及生态系统健康相关的热异常时段；浊度/盐度记录仪则可监测低盐度、高浊度水体侵入托雷斯海峡北部的时段。

本研究是此前国家环境科学项目（National Environmental Science Program, NESP）的两年延伸，本次延伸部分的工作内容包括在北沃里厄礁部署浊度与盐度监测仪器，以及维护其余仪器以支撑模型构建与遥感分析工作。

整体项目的目标是明确巴布亚新几内亚弗莱河河水的去向，及其对托雷斯海峡区域的潜在影响。本项目分支旨在提供实时气象数据，以驱动模拟泥沙输运与水体运动的海洋环流模型。温度记录仪是此前相关研究的延伸，用于识别可能与珊瑚白化事件相关的温度异常时段。本次研究已在托雷斯海峡东部发现一处低温区域，该区域可能对珊瑚的长期健康具有重要意义。此外，鉴于布兰布勒礁区域存在海草枯萎的相关担忧，研究团队在北沃里厄礁部署了浊度与盐度仪器，以监测该区域是否受巴布亚新几内亚沿岸水体影响的迹象。

研究团队还于2019年11月与2020年10月两次在布兰布勒礁上空开展无人机航拍作业，数据集包含由Drone-Deploy软件生成的GeoTIFF影像。

### 研究方法
#### 气象站
此前在星期四岛附近的星期二礁、托雷斯海峡中部的马西格（约克）岛以及托雷斯海峡东北部的布兰布勒礁（Maizab Kaur）部署了基于Vaisala WTX-530气象站与Li-Cor LI-192光合有效辐射（Photosynthetically Active Radiation, PAR）光传感器的标准澳大利亚海洋科学研究所（Australian Institute of Marine Science, AIMS）气象站。

采集的数据包括：10分钟与30分钟平均的风速与风向、相对湿度、大气压力、降雨量、气温、光合有效辐射（PAR）。除上述传感器外，气象站还搭载了水下传感器，通常为Seabird SBE39温度与深度传感器。

#### 温度记录仪
小型自主式温度记录仪被部署于托雷斯海峡的多个站点，由于回收限制，本数据集仅包含来自气象站站点的记录仪数据。该类记录仪为Vemco Minilog-T II型（已停产），每10分钟记录一次温度数据。

#### 浊度/盐度记录仪
部署于北沃里厄礁的仪器包括Wet-Labs NTUS浊度传感器与SeaBird SBE-37 温盐深（Conductivity Temperature Depth, CTD）仪。仪器于2020年初部署，同年晚些时候回收，获取了约一年的观测数据。数据通过厂商配套软件转换为标准单位，并校准了标定数据。通过时间戳与深度传感器剔除了仪器未入水时段的数据（即首尾截尾处理），随后人工目视检查并移除了所有尖峰与异常值。

#### 无人机影像
为获取布兰布勒礁的岛体移动与稳定性数据，研究团队开展了无人机航拍作业。使用DJI Phantom-3无人机采集影像，随后通过Drone-Deploy软件将影像拼接为正射影像镶嵌图。Drone-Deploy是一项Web服务，用户可通过其规划作业区域，通过应用程序控制无人机按预设航线覆盖作业区域并同步拍摄照片。拍摄的照片将上传至Drone-Deploy服务器，通过摄影测量技术拼接为正射影像镶嵌图（即从高空垂直向下拍摄的影像）。

### 数据局限性
由于技术故障，数据集存在数据缺失。站点维护困难，加之新冠疫情（COVID-19）限制进一步加剧了维护难度。

### 数据格式
#### 气象站数据
可从澳大利亚海洋科学研究所（AIMS）官网获取，网址为https://weather.aims.gov.au/#/overview。本报告包含的数据集为下载的10分钟原始数据与日均数据，格式为Excel电子表格。

#### 记录仪数据
同样可从AIMS官网的“空间地图 - 研究数据 - 澳大利亚海洋科学研究所”页面（aims.gov.au）获取。本报告包含的数据集为下载的10分钟原始数据，格式为Excel文件。

#### 浊度与盐度数据
数据集包含仪器原始数据（未经过质量控制）与经过质量控制的Excel文件。数据为10分钟读数，盐度单位为PSU，浊度单位为NTU。日期采用当地时间（UTC+10），并在列标题中注明。

#### 无人机影像
包含从Drone-Deploy导出的压缩文件，该类文件为ZIP压缩包，内含引用GeoTIFF文件的KML文件。由于文件体积较大，老旧计算机可能无法加载。

### 参考文献
1. Waterhouse, J., Petus, C., Brodie, J., Bainbridge, S., Wolanski, E., Dafforn, K.A., Birrer, S.C., Lough, J., Tracey, D., Johnson, J.E., Chariton, A.C., Johnston, E.L., Li, Y., Martins, F., O’Brien, D. (2018) 识别弗莱河径流对托雷斯海峡与远北部大堡礁的水质与生态系统健康威胁。提交给国家环境科学项目（NESP）的报告。凯恩斯：珊瑚礁与雨林研究中心有限公司（162页）。
2. Bainbridge, S.J., Berkelmans, R., Sweatman, H and Weeks, S. (2015). 托雷斯海峡珊瑚礁健康监测——最终报告。提交给国家环境研究项目的报告。凯恩斯：珊瑚礁与雨林研究中心有限公司（74页）。

### 数据存储位置
本数据集存储于eAtlas永久数据仓库中，路径为：datacustodian2019-2022-NESP-TWQ-55.14_TS-water-quality