Biological records for National Park islands in the Southern Great Barrier Reef (NERP TE 9.3, JCU)

The database contains native and alien species records for National Park islands in the southern Great Barrier Reef. Attributes for each record include information on abundance, life history traits, habitat requirements, limitations of source, and relevant species information from government bodies including EPBC and NCA listings. Basic interaction information among species (alien vs. native) is also recorded. This dataset also has basic information about the islands such as area, location, and regional ecosystem types present on the island. \n\nOne shapefile, Island Threats, contains information on the presence and absence of a number of animals and plant threats on islands in the Southern Great Barrier Reef as elicited from experts. Each spatially explicit point represents data for a given species on a specific island.\n\nAnother shapefile, Regional Ecosystems, contains information on the various Queensland Herbarium regional ecosystem (RE) types extracted for National Park Islands in the Southern Great Barrier Reef. Individual polygons represent an area of a specific RE type.\n\nThe last shapefile, Features on Islands, contains information on the abundance of a number of native animals on islands in the Southern Great Barrier Reef as elicited from experts. Each spatially explicit point represents data for a given species on a specific island.\n\nThis database was created as a basis for the decision support tool being developed for NERP 9.3. The database is the most complete dataset for the islands in the Southern Great Barrier Reef at the time of release. \n\n\nMethod:\n\nDatabase:\nA comprehensive literature review was conducted for all published and ¿grey¿ source material containing biological records for National Park islands in the southern Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Unpublished species records were also compiled from sources such as WildNet, the Queensland Herbarium, and personal communications. For a given source, each species on each island received a unique record. Records were structured within the database so that each record remained associated with its source, allowing revisitation in order to review records within their original context. Attributes relevant to each record were extracted from source, including information on habitat requirements, life history traits, abundance, and source limitations e.g. incomplete sampling of island area. Additional attributes for each record were extracted from the Australian and Queensland government websites, including information on EBPC and CNA listings, and endemicity. \n\nIsland Threats:\nExperts who frequent the islands were consulted as to whether they believed a given threat was present or absent on the islands. These data were input into the associated access database Island_database.accbd, and then transformed into the point based shapefile.\n\nThe following is the list of threats considered in this dataset.\n* African Big Headed Ant\n* Black Rat\n* Brushtail Possum\n* Cane toad\n* Climbing Asparagus\n* Cobblers Peg\n* Red Junglefowl\n* Dwarf Poinsettia\n* Eastern Grey Kangaroo\n* Feral Cat\n* Feral Cattle\n* Feral Goat\n* Feral Horse\n* Feral Pig\n* Fox\n* Green Panic\n* Groundsel\n* Guinea Grass\n* Hog Deer\n* House Mouse\n* House Sparrow\n* Lantana\n* Morning Glory\n* Mother of Millions\n* Nightshade\n* Noogoora Burr\n* Periwinkle\n* Rubbervine\n* Singapore Daisy\n* Sisal Hemp\n* Soft Scale\n* Yellow Guava\n* Molasses Grass\n* Mossman River Grass\n* Mother-in-Law Tongue\n* Pink Periwinkle\n* Prickly Pear\n\nRegional Ecosystems:\nShape files of regional ecosystem (RE) types and National Park Islands in the Southern GBR were obtained from Queensland Herbarium (in 2014). These data were rearranged and merged to create a single shape file.\n\neAtlas editor note: It was noticed when mapping this shapefile that many of the polygon regions had multiple overlapping features, sometimes consisting of duplicates, and sometimes containing multiple RE codes. The cause of this in the dataset is unknown. A map of these overlaps was made by rendering them as black transparent polygons. This map is available in the download section of this metadata record. \n\nFeatures on Islands:\nExperts who frequent the islands were consulted as to the maximum and minimum number of individuals/pairs of native species on the islands. On each island there are multiple estimates for each species, one from each expert.\n\nThe following is the set of species that are included in this dataset.\n* Anous minutus (Black noddy)\n* Anous stolidus (Brown noddy)\n* Burhinus grallarius (Bush stone-curlew)\n* Calyptorhynchus lathami (Glossy black cockatoo)\n* Caretta caretta (Loggerhead sea turtle)\n* Charadrius ruficapillus (Red-capped plover)\n* Chelonia mydas (Green sea turtle)\n* Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae (Silver gull)\n* Egretta sacra (Pacific reef heron)\n* Epthianura crocea (Yellow chat)\n* Esacus magnirostris (Beach stone-curlew)\n* Falco peregrinus (Peregrine falcon)\n* Fregata ariel (Lesser frigatebird)\n* Fregata minor (Great frigatebird)\n* Gallirallus philippensis (Buff-banded rail)\n* Haematopus fuliginosus (Sooty oystercatcher)\n* Haematopus longirostris (Pied oystercatcher)\n* Haliaeetus leucogaster (White-bellied sea eagle)\n* Haliastur indus (Brahminy kite)\n* Hydroprogne caspia (Caspian tern)\n* Megapodius reinwardt (Orange-footed scrubfowl)\n* Natator depressus (Flatback sea turtle)\n* Onychoprion anaethetus (Bridled tern)\n* Onychoprion fuscata (Sooty tern)\n* Pandion cristatus (Osprey)\n* Phaethon rubricauda (Red-tailed tropicbird)\n* Phalacrocorax varius (Australian pied cormorant)\n* Phascolarctos cinereus (Koala)\n* Pluvialis squatarola (Grey plover)\n* Ptilinopus regina (Rose-crowned fruit dove)\n* Sterna dougallii (Roseate tern)\n* Sterna sumatrana (Black-naped tern)\n* Sternula albifrons (Little tern)\n* Sula dactylatra (Masked booby)\n* Sula leucogaster (Brown booby)\n* Thalasseus bengalensis (Lesser crested tern)\n* Thalasseus bergii (Greater crested tern)\n* Tringa brevipes (Grey-tailed tattler)\n* Xeromys myoides (False Water Rat)\n* Zosterops lateralis (Silvereye)\n\nFurther information on the methodology can be found in the final report for this project: Pressey, R., Wenger, A. (2015) Prioritising Management Actions for Great Barrier Reef Islands.\nhttp://www.nerptropical.edu.au/sites/default/files/publications/files/NERP9.3_final_report-FINAL-Complete.pdf\n\n\nLimitations of the data:\n\nDatabase:\nAbundance data varies over different units of time. For example in the ¿Total¿ column, 100 might indicate 100 individuals observed in a single survey, or over repeated visits to an island. The units of observation are maintained in the ¿Abundance¿ column, e.g. 100/birds January 2000. Values in the ¿Total¿ column should be interpreted in conjunction with the ¿Abundance¿ column.\nWe have removed any data for which we have data sharing agreements. Therefore, the database used for this project is much more comprehensive than we are able to submit. \n\nIsland Threats:\nThe shapefile is limited to presence or absences only for a focal number of threats on targeted islands in the Southern Great Barrier Reef. There is no data on the number of individuals or the extent of the species on the islands. The presence or absence of a species is based on general consensus by experts. If there is no point for a given island/threat pair then the presence of absence of the species on that island is unknown.\n\nRegional Ecosystems:\nThe shapefile is limited to National Park Islands in the Southern Great Barrier Reef. Information on RE types on other islands exists but was not the focus of this work. In some cases multiple polygons of the same shape and size exist for the same region of an island. Here a number of RE types were recorded within the polygon/area but the exact spatial extent of the RE is unknown, only the percentage of the polygon/area that the RE covers.\n\nFeatures on Islands:\nThe shapefile is limited to best guess estimates of the maximum and minimum number of individuals/pairs of a select number of native species on an island. The extent of the species on the island and how the population has changed over time are not known.\n\n\nFormat:\n\nIsland_database.accbd\nFormat: Access database.\nThis database contains a number of tables which are categorised according to their name:\n1 "Records:¿" are record tables where each row is a specific record relating to the focus of the table.\n2 "Attributes:¿" are attribute tables which have information specific to each category (e.g. islands, native animals, regional ecosystems. Attribute tables typically list the primary keys for each category which link to the records tables. \n3 "Stats:¿" are tables that contain basic statistics on records tables. These have been created using queries and will have queries with associated query names. \n4 "Queries:¿" are tables that have been created from queries (other than specific statistics queries) run on records/attributes tables and will have queries with associated query names. \n\nThis database also contains a number of queries which are based on the records/attributes tables, a most of which are linked to stats or queries tables of an associated name. See the ¿Design View¿ of any of the tables for more information, in particular for column/field descriptions. \n\nIsland Threats:\nThreats_on_Islands.*, GIS shape file \nProjected Coordinate System: GDA_1994_MGA_Zone_55\nProjection: Transverse_Mercator\n\n\nData dictionary:\n\n- Isl_name: name of the island where the record occurs\n- LONG: x co-ordinate location of the island (descimal degrees)\n- LAT: y co-ordinate location of the island (descimal degrees)\n- Threat: Common name of the threat\n- Interactio: Whether the threat species is present (1) or absent (0) on the island\n\nRegional Ecosystems:\n\nRE_on_NP_Islands.*, GIS shape file\nProjected Coordinate System: GDA_1994_MGA_Zone_55\nProjection: Transverse_Mercator\n\n\nData dictionary:\n\n- RE_type: Code for the regional ecosystem type, see associated access database Island_database.accbd for RE type descriptions\n- PC_of_Poly: percentage of the polygon that the RE covers. When

本数据库收录了大堡礁南部(Great Barrier Reef, GBR)国家公园岛屿的本土与外来物种记录。每条记录的属性包括种群丰度、生活史特征、栖息地需求、数据源局限性，以及来自澳大利亚联邦环境保护与生物多样性保护法案(Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, EPBC)与国家保护法案(National Conservation Act, NCA)所列官方机构的相关物种信息。同时记录了物种间的基础交互信息（外来物种vs本土物种）。本数据集还包含岛屿的基础信息，如面积、地理位置及岛上分布的区域生态系统(Regional Ecosystem, RE)类型。

其一为名为《岛屿威胁》的形状文件(Shapefile)，收录了经专家征询得到的大堡礁南部岛屿上多种动植物威胁物的存在与否信息。每个带有空间坐标的点代表特定岛屿上某一物种的相关数据。

其二为《区域生态系统》形状文件，收录了从昆士兰植物标本馆提取的大堡礁南部国家公园岛屿的各类区域生态系统(RE)类型信息。单个多边形代表某一特定区域生态系统类型的分布区域。

其三为《岛屿地表特征》形状文件，收录了经专家征询得到的大堡礁南部岛屿上多种本土动物的种群丰度信息。每个带有空间坐标的点代表特定岛屿上某一物种的相关数据。

本数据库是为NERP 9.3项目开发的决策支持工具而创建的，在发布时是大堡礁南部岛屿相关数据中最为完整的数据集。

### 方法：
#### 数据库构建
针对所有已发表及灰色文献中包含大堡礁南部国家公园岛屿生物记录的资料开展全面文献综述。未发表的物种记录则从WildNet、昆士兰植物标本馆及个人通信等渠道收集。对于每个数据源，每座岛屿上的每个物种均会生成一条唯一记录。数据库中的记录均关联其原始数据源，以便后续回溯至原始语境下审核记录。从数据源中提取与每条记录相关的属性，包括栖息地需求、生活史特征、种群丰度及数据源局限性（如岛屿区域采样不完整等）。此外还从澳大利亚及昆士兰州政府网站提取了每条记录的附加属性，包括EPBC与NCA名录信息及特有性信息。

#### 岛屿威胁数据采集
征询常造访这些岛屿的专家，确认某一威胁物是否存在于目标岛屿。这些数据被录入关联的Access数据库Island_database.accbd，随后转换为基于点的形状文件。
本数据集所考量的威胁物列表如下：
* 非洲大头蚁
* 黑鼠
* 刷尾负鼠
* 蔗蟾
* 攀缘天门冬
* 鞋钉草(Cobblers Peg)
* 红原鸡
* 矮一品红
* 东部灰袋鼠
* 野猫
* 野化牛
* 野化山羊
* 野化马
* 野猪
* 狐狸
* 绿黍(Green Panic)
* 千里光属植物(Groundsel)
* 几内亚草(Guinea Grass)
* 豚鹿
* 小家鼠
* 家麻雀
* 马缨丹
* 牵牛花(Morning Glory)
* 落地生根(Mother of Millions)
* 龙葵(Nightshade)
* 刺苍耳(Noogoora Burr)
* 长春花(Periwinkle)
* 橡胶藤(Rubbervine)
* 南美蟛蜞菊(Singapore Daisy)
* 剑麻(Sisal Hemp)
* 软蚧(Soft Scale)
* 黄番石榴(Yellow Guava)
* 甜根子草(Molasses Grass)
* 莫斯曼河草(Mossman River Grass)
* 虎尾兰(Mother-in-Law Tongue)
* 粉色长春花(Pink Periwinkle)
* 梨果仙人掌(Prickly Pear)

#### 区域生态系统数据采集
大堡礁南部国家公园岛屿的区域生态系统(RE)类型形状文件及岛屿边界文件均获取自昆士兰植物标本馆（2014年）。对这些数据进行整理与合并，生成单一形状文件。
eAtlas编辑器备注：在绘制该形状文件时发现，诸多多边形区域存在多处重叠特征，部分为重复要素，部分包含多个RE编码。数据集内该现象的成因尚不明确。已将这些重叠区域以黑色透明多边形渲染并制作成地图，该地图可在本元数据记录的下载专区获取。

#### 岛屿地表特征数据采集
征询常造访岛屿的专家，获取岛上各本土物种的最大与最小个体/配对数量估计值。每座岛屿上的每个物种均会收到多位专家的多份估计值。
本数据集包含的本土物种种列表如下：
* 黑玄燕鸥(Anous minutus)
* 褐玄燕鸥(Anous stolidus)
* 灌丛石鸻(Burhinus grallarius)
* 亮黑凤头鹦鹉(Calyptorhynchus lathami)
* 蠵龟(Caretta caretta)
* 红顶鸻(Charadrius ruficapillus)
* 绿海龟(Chelonia mydas)
* 银鸥(Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae)
* 太平洋礁鹭(Egretta sacra)
* 黄额澳鵖(Epthianura crocea)
* 海滩石鸻(Esacus magnirostris)
* 游隼(Falco peregrinus)
* 小军舰鸟(Fregata ariel)
* 大军舰鸟(Fregata minor)
* 斑秧鸡(Gallirallus philippensis)
* 乌蛎鹬(Haematopus fuliginosus)
* 斑蛎鹬(Haematopus longirostris)
* 白腹海雕(Haliaeetus leucogaster)
* 栗鸢(Haliastur indus)
* 红嘴巨鸥(Hydroprogne caspia)
* 橙脚冢雉(Megapodius reinwardt)
* 平背海龟(Natator depressus)
* 褐翅燕鸥(Onychoprion anaethetus)
* 乌领燕鸥(Onychoprion fuscata)
* 鹗(Pandion cristatus)
* 红尾热带鸟(Phaethon rubricauda)
* 澳洲斑鸬鹚(Phalacrocorax varius)
* 考拉(Phascolarctos cinereus)
* 灰斑鸻(Pluvialis squatarola)
* 玫瑰冠果鸠(Ptilinopus regina)
* 粉红燕鸥(Sterna dougallii)
* 黑枕燕鸥(Sterna sumatrana)
* 小燕鸥(Sternula albifrons)
* 蓝脸鲣鸟(Sula dactylatra)
* 褐鲣鸟(Sula leucogaster)
* 小凤头燕鸥(Thalasseus bengalensis)
* 大凤头燕鸥(Thalasseus bergii)
* 灰尾漂鹬(Tringa brevipes)
* 假水鼠(Xeromys myoides)
* 银眼鸟(Zosterops lateralis)

本项目的详细方法可参阅该项目最终报告：Pressey, R., Wenger, A. (2015) 《大堡礁岛屿管理行动优先级排序》。链接：http://www.nerptropical.edu.au/sites/default/files/publications/files/NERP9.3_final_report-FINAL-Complete.pdf

#### 数据局限性
##### 数据库
种群丰度数据的时间单位存在差异。例如在“总量”列中，数值100可能代表单次调查中观测到的100只个体，也可能代表多次造访岛屿后的累计观测值。观测单位已在“丰度”列中注明，例如“100/鸟类 2000年1月”。“总量”列的数值需结合“丰度”列的信息共同解读。
本数据集已移除所有受数据共享协议约束的数据，因此本项目使用的数据库比本次提交的版本更为全面。
##### 岛屿威胁数据
该形状文件仅收录大堡礁南部目标岛屿上部分选定威胁物的存在/缺失信息，未提供物种个体数量或其在岛上的分布范围数据。物种的存在与否基于专家的普遍共识。若某一岛屿/威胁物组合未对应任何点，则该岛屿上该物种的存在状态未知。
##### 区域生态系统数据
该形状文件仅覆盖大堡礁南部的国家公园岛屿。其他岛屿的区域生态系统类型信息虽有留存，但并非本研究的关注重点。部分情况下，同一岛屿区域存在多个形状与尺寸一致的多边形。此时，多边形内记录了多种区域生态系统类型，但无法确定每种类型的精确空间分布范围，仅能获知该类型在多边形/区域内的占比。
##### 岛屿地表特征数据
该形状文件仅收录经专家估算得到的岛屿上选定本土物种的最大与最小个体/配对数量估计值。无法获知该物种在岛上的分布范围及种群随时间的变化情况。

#### 数据格式
##### 数据库文件：Island_database.accbd
格式：Access数据库。
本数据库包含多张按名称分类的表：
1. "Records:"类为记录表，每行代表与表主题相关的一条特定记录。
2. "Attributes:"类为属性表，存储各分类的专属信息（如岛屿、本土动物、区域生态系统）。属性表通常列出各分类的主键，用于关联至记录表。
3. "Stats:"类为包含记录表基础统计信息的表，通过查询生成，表名与关联的查询名称一致。
4. "Queries:"类为通过对记录/属性表执行查询（除特定统计查询外）生成的表，表名与关联的查询名称一致。
本数据库还包含多个基于记录/属性表构建的查询，其中多数与同名的统计或查询表相关联。如需了解更多信息，尤其是字段/列的描述，请查阅任意表的"设计视图"。
##### 岛屿威胁形状文件：Threats_on_Islands.*，GIS形状文件
投影坐标系：GDA_1994_MGA_Zone_55
投影方式：横轴墨卡托投影(Transverse_Mercator)

##### 数据字典：
- Isl_name：记录所属岛屿名称
- LONG：岛屿的X坐标（十进制度）
- LAT：岛屿的Y坐标（十进制度）
- Threat：威胁物的通用名
- Interactio：该威胁物种在岛上的存在状态（1代表存在，0代表缺失）

##### 区域生态系统形状文件：RE_on_NP_Islands.*，GIS形状文件
投影坐标系：GDA_1994_MGA_Zone_55
投影方式：横轴墨卡托投影(Transverse_Mercator)

##### 数据字典：
- RE_type：区域生态系统类型编码，详见关联的Access数据库Island_database.accbd中的区域生态系统类型描述
- PC_of_Poly：该区域生态系统在多边形中所占的百分比。当