Data_Sheet_1_Dynamics of soil microbiome throughout the cultivation life cycle of morel (Morchella sextelata).DOCX

Although Morchella sextelata (morel) is a well-known, edible, and medicinal fungus widely cultivated in China, the dynamics and roles of its soil microbiome during cultivation are unclear. Using rhizosphere soil samples collected throughout the M. sextelata cultivation life cycle, we conducted a high-throughput metagenomic sequencing analysis, with an emphasis on variations in soil microbial composition, characteristic biomarkers, and ecological functions. We found that microbial relative abundance, alpha diversity, and structure varied significantly among fungal growth stages. A total of 47 stage-associated biomarkers were identified through a linear discriminant analysis of effect size. In addition, horizontal comparison of soil microbiomes exhibiting successful and failed primordium formation further confirmed primordium-associated microbes with possible key roles in primordium formation. A microbial function analysis revealed that nutrient metabolism-related pathways were enriched during mycelium and fruiting body stages, whereas the signal transduction pathway was enriched during the primordium stage. This result indicates that diverse microbes are required at different growth stages of M. sextelata. Our research has revealed the dynamic scenario of the soil microbiome throughout the cultivation life cycle of M. sextelata. The high-resolution microbial profiles uncovered in the present study provide novel insights that should contribute to the improvement of morel cultivation using microbial inoculants.

尽管六妹羊肚菌（Morchella sextelata，俗称羊肚菌morel）是一种广为人知的食药两用真菌，且在我国广泛栽培，但其栽培过程中土壤微生物组的动态变化与功能仍未明确。本研究采集了六妹羊肚菌整个栽培生命周期内的根际土壤样本，开展了高通量宏基因组测序分析，重点关注土壤微生物群落组成、特征生物标志物以及生态功能的变化。研究发现，在羊肚菌的不同生长阶段，微生物的相对丰度、α多样性（alpha diversity）和群落结构均存在显著差异。本研究通过线性判别分析效应量法，共鉴定出47个与生长阶段相关的生物标志物。此外，通过对形成原基成功与失败的土壤微生物组进行横向比较，进一步验证了与原基形成相关的微生物可能在原基发育过程中发挥关键作用。微生物功能分析结果显示，在菌丝体与子实体阶段，与营养代谢相关的通路显著富集；而在原基形成阶段，信号转导通路则呈现富集状态。该结果表明，六妹羊肚菌的不同生长阶段需要不同的微生物类群。本研究阐明了六妹羊肚菌整个栽培周期内土壤微生物组的动态变化规律。本研究获得的高分辨率微生物群落图谱，为利用微生物菌剂改良羊肚菌栽培技术提供了全新的理论依据与研究视角。