Supplementary materials for "Primal consonants and the evolution of consonant inventories" by Joan Bybee and Shelece Easterday, published in LDC (2022).

These are the supplementary materials for an article published in Language Dynamics and Change, entitled "Primal consonants and the evolution of consonant inventories" by Joan Bybee and Shelece Easterday, with DOI: 10.1163/22105832-bja10020. Lindblom and Maddieson (1988) observe that “basic” consonants occur in all consonant inventories, but that larger inventories additionally include “elaborated” consonants, which depart from neutral phonation modes, places, and manners of articulation. The hypothesis that larger inventories arise from the smaller ones via sound change is tested here using a database of phonetic processes cataloged from a sample of 81 genealogically diverse languages. The database contains processes that create a large majority of the proposed articulatory elaborations, strongly supporting this hypothesis. We further examine the question of whether the basic consonants are also created by sound change. Our somewhat surprising finding is that certain basic consonants (/p t k b d g m n ŋ s l/) are very rarely created anew, raising questions about how they come to be common in consonant inventories and how they survive processes of sound change and lexical replacement over long periods of time. These materials contain a list of the languages in AlloPhon and references consulted in this study, as well as the phonetic and allophonic processes used and the analyses presented.

本材料为发表于《Language Dynamics and Change》（《语言动态与演变》）期刊、题为《原始辅音与辅音音库演变》的论文的补充资料，该论文作者为Joan Bybee与Shelece Easterday，DOI编号为10.1163/22105832-bja10020。Lindblom与Maddieson（1988）指出，所有辅音音库均包含“基础”辅音，而规模更大的音库还额外收录“细化”辅音——此类辅音偏离了中性发声模式、发音部位与发音方法的常规范畴。本文通过从81种谱系分布多样的语言样本中整理得到的语音过程数据库，验证了“大型辅音音库由小型音库通过语音演变形成”这一假说。该数据库收录了可生成绝大多数学界提出的发音细化形式的语音过程，为该假说提供了强有力的实证支撑。我们进一步探讨了“基础辅音是否同样由语音演变产生”这一学术问题。本次研究得到了些许出人意料的结论：部分基础辅音（/p t k b d g m n ŋ s l/）极少会全新生成，这引发了相关学术疑问：它们为何能在辅音音库中占据普遍地位，又如何在漫长的时间跨度中经受住语音演变与词汇替换的考验得以留存。本补充材料包含了AlloPhon语料库中的语言列表、本研究参考的全部文献资料，以及本研究所用的语音过程、音位变体过程与相关分析内容。