Actions taken against misconduct.

Abbreviations: “N cases” is the total number of cases of misconduct observed by respondents, [ffp] indicates that the number includes cases of plagiarism, “%” is the percentage of cases that had the specified action taken against them. All responses are mutually exclusive except in Kattenbraker 2007.

缩写说明："N例（N cases）"指受访者观测到的学术不端行为总案例数；"[ffp]"代表该统计口径包含抄袭行为相关案例；"%"为针对特定违规行为采取处置措施的案例占比。除Kattenbraker 2007这项研究外，所有统计回复均为互斥选项。