Results of the heterogeneity analysis.

National parks are vital institutions for conserving biodiversity and preserving biocultural heritage that safeguard exceptional natural resources and sustain key cultural ecosystem services (CESs), such as aesthetic appreciation, nature-based recreation, and environmental education. However, the essentially subjective and intangible characteristics of CESs are obstacles to effectively collecting data and measuring their diverse values. This study developed a supply–support–demand framework for analyzing nature-based tourism in national parks, using Giant Panda National Park, one of China’s earliest national parks, as the case study site for the years 2009–2023. To investigate the impact of national park establishment, we employed a difference-in-differences (DID) approach to assess its effects on counties within national parks. We found that tactile and visual impressions play a key role in shaping visitors’ experiences, whereas olfactory, gustatory, and auditory perceptions exhibit cooccurring, supportive influences on visual and tactile impressions, as revealed through the rich expressions captured in social interactions. The establishment of national parks has the potential to enhance nature-based tourism experiences by increasing local fiscal expenditure and expanding the tourism industry. The effects exhibit clear regional heterogeneity and differences in policy intensity. At the regional level, Sichuan and Shaanxi, regions with relatively stronger infrastructure and resource endowments, show better improvement in nature-based tourism experiences, whereas Gansu shows an insignificant effect. In terms of policy intensity, stronger interventions are accompanied by stricter ecological protection constraints. As a result, the improvement in nature-based tourism experiences is significantly greater in the low-intensity policy group than in the high-intensity policy group.国家公园是保护生物多样性、留存生物文化遗产的重要载体，既守护着珍稀自然资源，也支撑着美学鉴赏、自然游憩、环境教育等核心文化生态系统服务（Cultural Ecosystem Services，CESs）。然而，文化生态系统服务本质上兼具主观性与无形性，这为其数据有效采集与多元价值量化带来了显著阻碍。 本研究构建了供给-支持-需求分析框架，用于解析国家公园的自然旅游发展，并以中国首批国家公园之一的大熊猫国家公园2009—2023年的相关数据为研究案例。为探究国家公园设立的政策效应，本研究采用双重差分（Difference-in-Differences，DID）模型，评估其对国家公园覆盖县域的影响。 通过社交互动中捕捉到的丰富表达，本研究发现：触觉与视觉印象是塑造游客体验的核心要素，而嗅觉、味觉与听觉感知则对视觉与触觉印象产生协同支撑作用。国家公园的设立可通过提升地方财政支出、壮大旅游产业，优化自然旅游体验。该政策效应存在显著的区域异质性与政策强度差异：从区域维度来看，基础设施与资源禀赋相对较好的四川、陕西两省，其自然旅游体验的改善效果更为显著，而甘肃省的政策效应则不显著；从政策强度维度而言，更高强度的干预往往伴随更严格的生态保护约束，因此低政策强度组的自然旅游体验改善效果显著优于高政策强度组。