Error rate.

Purpose
Developmental dyslexia in alphabetic languages (DD) is characterized by a phonological deficit. Since logographic scripts rely predominantly on visual and morphological processing, reading performance in DD can be assumed to be less impaired when reading logographic scripts.
Methods
40 German-speaking children (18 with DD, 22 not reading-impaired—group C; 9–11 years) received Chinese lessons. Eye movements (EM) were recorded during naming single alphabetic words, pictures (confrontational) and Chinese characters to be named in German and Chinese. The main outcome variables were: Articulation latency, numbers and durations of fixations. Quality of life (QoL) was assessed by questionnaires.
Results
While reading alphabetic words, articulation latencies and numbers of fixations were significantly higher for group DD than for group C (AL-DD = 1.13, AL-C = 0.84, p< .001; FN-DD = 3.50; FN-C = 2.00, p< .001). For naming pictures and Chinese characters in German and in Chinese, no significant group differences were found for any of the EM variables. The percentage of correct answers was high for German naming (DD = 86.67%, C = 95.24%; p = .015) and lower for Chinese naming in both groups, but significantly lower in group DD, especially for Chinese naming (DD = 56.67%, C: 83.77%; p = .003). QoL differed between groups from the children’s perspective only at posttest. Parents of group DD perceived their children`s QoL to be lower compared with parents of group C at pre- and posttest.
Conclusions
Children with dyslexia performed as well as group C during naming Chinese characters in German and in Chinese regarding their EM variables, presumably because they processed Chinese characters by the visuo-spatial pathway with direct access to the semantic system. However, the significantly lower percentage of correct answers especially during Chinese naming showed that group DD had more difficulties naming Chinese characters than group C, which could be attributed to their phonological deficit, among other factors.
Trial registration
German clinical trials register (DRKS00015697).

## 研究背景
字母语言中的发展性阅读障碍（Developmental dyslexia, DD）以音系缺陷为核心特征。由于语素文字系统主要依赖视觉与形态加工，因此可推测，发展性阅读障碍患者在阅读语素文字时，其阅读表现受损程度相对更轻。

## 研究方法
本研究纳入40名德语母语儿童（其中18名确诊DD，22名为非阅读障碍儿童，设为对照组C；年龄范围9~11岁），所有参与者均接受汉语课程学习。实验中记录了参与者完成三项任务时的眼动（eye movements, EM）数据：命名单个字母词、图片（对抗性命名范式）以及分别用德语与汉语命名汉字。主要观测指标包括：发音潜伏期、注视点数量与注视时长。生活质量（Quality of Life, QoL）通过标准化问卷进行评估。

## 研究结果
在阅读单个字母词时，DD组的发音潜伏期与注视点数量均显著高于对照组C（发音潜伏期：DD组=1.13，对照组C=0.84，p<0.001；注视点数量：DD组=3.50，对照组C=2.00，p<0.001）。而在图片命名任务以及分别用德语、汉语命名汉字的任务中，两组的所有眼动指标均未发现显著组间差异。德语命名任务的整体正确率较高（DD组=86.67%，对照组C=95.24%；p=0.015）；两组的汉语命名正确率均低于德语命名任务，但DD组的汉语命名正确率显著更低（DD组=56.67%，对照组C=83.77%；p=0.003）。生活质量方面，仅在测试后，儿童自评的生活质量存在组间差异；而DD组儿童的家长在测试前与测试后均认为，自己孩子的生活质量显著低于对照组C的家长。

## 研究结论
在眼动指标层面，发展性阅读障碍儿童在用德语与汉语命名汉字时的表现与对照组C无显著差异，推测这是因为他们通过视觉空间通路加工汉字，可直接通达语义系统。然而，两组在命名正确率上的显著差异（尤其是汉语命名任务）表明，DD组儿童在命名汉字时的表现逊于对照组C，这一结果除其他潜在因素外，可归因于其本身存在的音系缺陷。

## 试验注册
德国临床试验注册库（German clinical trials register, DRKS00015697）