Dataset to the article: The toxicological assessment of a novel spiro derivative, 4-amino-1-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-2-one for the Greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella

The Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella L., poses a substantial threat to apiculture, adversely impacting wax quality and potentially acting as a disease vector. To address the challenges posed by this pest and ensure the sustainability of the apiculture industry, there is an urgent need for the development of innovative and effective control strategies. Spiro-derivatives compounds represent a novel class of environmentally safe compounds with high insecticidal properties. While these compounds have demonstrated high efficacy against sap-sucking insects such as aphids and whiteflies, however, their effect against chewing insects has not been yet well explored. In the current study, we hypothesized that 4-amino-1-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-2-one (4A1AD), a spiro-derivative compounds would exhibit efficacy against G. mellonella larvae, To test this hypothesis, we conducted dipping and feeding bioassays, incorporating varying concentrations of 4A1AD on fourth instar G. mellonella larvae, and recorded mortality, as well as biochemical parameters including total soluble protein content and enzyme activities, with anatomical abnormalities resulting from treatment. Results revealed a significant increase in larval mortality with increased concentrations and treatment durations across both bioassays. Additionally, a significant decrease in protein content and an increase in phenol-oxidase activity were observed with alterations in α and β-esterase activities. Scanning electron microscope findings revealed abnormalities in larval cuticle, spiracular openings, and legs. These findings shed light on the efficacy of 4A1AD, indicating its potential as an alternative to conventional insecticides in promoting sustainable apiculture practices. Moreover, they provide valuable contributions to the development of novel strategies for effective pest management in apicultural settings.

大蜡螟（Greater Wax Moth，*Galleria mellonella L.*）对养蜂业构成严重威胁，不仅会降低蜂蜡品质，还可作为疾病传播媒介。为应对该害虫带来的防控挑战、保障养蜂产业的可持续发展，亟需开发创新且高效的防治策略。螺环衍生物（spiro-derivatives）是一类新型环境友好型化合物，具备优异的杀虫活性。尽管此类化合物已被证实对蚜虫、粉虱等刺吸式口器害虫具有极高防治效果，但针对咀嚼式口器害虫的防治潜力尚未得到充分探索。本研究提出假设：一种螺环衍生物——4-氨基-1-氮杂螺[4.5]癸-3-烯-2-酮（4-amino-1-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-2-one，简称4A1AD），对大蜡螟幼虫具有杀虫活性。为验证该假设，研究采用浸液法与饲喂法开展生物测定，以不同浓度的4A1AD处理4龄大蜡螟幼虫，记录其死亡率，并检测总可溶性蛋白含量、酶活性等生化指标，同时观察处理后幼虫出现的解剖学异常。试验结果表明，两种生物测定方式中，幼虫死亡率均随药剂浓度升高、处理时长增加而显著上升。同时，幼虫体内可溶性蛋白含量显著降低，酚氧化酶活性显著升高，α-酯酶与β-酯酶活性亦出现异常变化。扫描电子显微镜（scanning electron microscope）观察结果显示，幼虫表皮、气门开口及足均出现形态结构异常。本研究结果阐明了4A1AD的杀虫效果，表明其可作为传统杀虫剂的替代方案，助力可持续养蜂实践。同时，本研究为养蜂场景下新型害虫防治策略的开发提供了重要参考依据。