CARIOUS AND NON-CARIOUS DISEASES OF THE ORAL CAVITY

Carious and non-carious diseases of the oral cavity are among the most common dental conditions affecting individuals of all age groups. Dental caries is a multifactorial infectious disease caused by the interaction of cariogenic microorganisms, fermentable carbohydrates, host susceptibility, and time, leading to progressive demineralization and destruction of hard dental tissues. In contrast, non-carious lesions are not associated with bacterial infection and include conditions such as dental erosion, abrasion, attrition, enamel hypoplasia, and fluorosis, which arise from mechanical, chemical, developmental, or systemic factors. Although their etiologies differ, both types of lesions may cause structural damage, functional impairment, tooth sensitivity, and aesthetic concerns. Early diagnosis, preventive strategies, and patient education play a crucial role in reducing the prevalence and complications of these conditions. A comprehensive understanding of their clinical features and risk factors is essential for effective management and long-term oral health preservation.口腔龋病与非龋病是累及全年龄段人群的最常见牙科病症之一。龋病（dental caries）是一种多因素传染性疾病，由致龋微生物（cariogenic microorganisms）、可发酵碳水化合物（fermentable carbohydrates）、宿主易感性（host susceptibility）与时间四者相互作用引发，可导致牙体硬组织进行性脱矿与破坏。与之相对，非龋病损（non-carious lesions）与细菌感染无关，涵盖牙酸蚀症（dental erosion）、机械性磨损（abrasion）、咬合磨耗（attrition）、釉质发育不全（enamel hypoplasia）以及氟牙症（fluorosis）等病症，其病因源于机械、化学、发育或全身性因素。尽管二者病因存在差异，但两类病损均可引发结构损伤、功能障碍、牙本质敏感以及美观困扰。早期诊断、预防策略与患者教育，对于降低此类病症的患病率与并发症发生率至关重要。全面掌握其临床特征与危险因素，是实现有效诊疗与长期口腔健康维护的必要前提。