Effects of Human, Caprine, and Bovine Milk Fat Globules on Microbiota Adhesion and Gut Microecology

Milk
fat is an essential nutrient for infant development. The effects
and mechanisms of human, caprine, and bovine milk fat globules (MFGs)
on the gut microbiota were investigated in this study. Human MFGs
enhance the efficacy of probiotics by inhibiting pathogen function. Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium were identified
as the dominant microbiota by human MFGs. Mucin and complement inhibitory
proteins in human MFGs were found to inhibit different pathogens.
Caprine MFGs directly promoted the colonization of probiotics and
the emergence of the biomarker Allobaculum. Mucin
1 in caprine MFGs was primarily responsible for inducing probiotic
adhesion. Bovine MFGs increased the abundance of Oscillospira, which reduces the risk of obesity. Due to the enrichment of cell–cell
junction proteins and the lack of mucin, the regulation of gut microecology
by bovine MFGs was not readily apparent. In short, this study paves
the way for the development of functional infant formula.

乳脂肪是婴儿发育所必需的关键营养素。本研究针对人源、山羊源及牛源乳脂肪球（Milk Fat Globules, MFGs）对肠道菌群的作用与调控机制展开了系统探究。结果显示，人源MFGs可通过抑制致病菌活性增强益生菌的功效，阿克曼氏菌（Akkermansia）与双歧杆菌（Bifidobacterium）被确定为其介导的优势肠道菌群；同时，人源MFGs中的黏蛋白与补体抑制蛋白可抑制多种致病菌。山羊源MFGs可直接促进益生菌定植以及生物标志物别样杆菌属（Allobaculum）的增殖，其所含的黏蛋白1（Mucin 1）是诱导益生菌黏附的主要活性成分。牛源MFGs可提升摆动螺菌属（Oscillospira）的丰度，而该菌属可降低肥胖发生风险，但由于牛源MFGs富含细胞间连接蛋白且缺乏黏蛋白，其对肠道微生态的调控效果并不显著。综上，本研究为功能性婴儿配方奶粉的研发奠定了重要理论基础。