Uncertainty Over Causation and the Determination of Civil Liability

Situations in which there is uncertainty over the cause of harm are studied (e.g., was the lung cancer due to normal exposure to medical x-radiation, to smoking, to exposure to carcinogens discharged by a chemical plant?); and the effects on incentives to reduce risk of various ways of treating such本数据集针对伤害成因存在不确定性的场景展开研究（例如：肺癌的病因究竟是源于常规医疗X射线（X-radiation）照射、吸烟行为，还是接触了化工厂排放的致癌物（carcinogens）？）；并探讨各类处置此类情形的方式对降低风险的激励机制所产生的影响。