Table_1_The role of only-child status in the effect of childhood trauma and parental rearing style on depressive symptoms in Shanghai adolescents.docx

IntroductionAfter decades of the one-child policy, China changed its rules to allow two children in 2016, which altered family dynamics. Few studies have examined the emotional problems and the family environment of multi-child adolescents. This study aims to explore the role of only-child status in the impact of childhood trauma and parental rearing style on depressive symptoms of adolescents in Shanghai, China.
MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted on 4,576 adolescents (M = 13.42 years, SD = 1.21) from seven middle schools in Shanghai, China. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form, the Short Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran, and Children’s Depression Inventory were used to evaluate childhood trauma, perceived parental rearing style, and depressive symptoms of adolescents, respectively.
ResultsResults showed that girls and non-only children reported more depressive symptoms, while boys and non-only children perceived more childhood trauma and negative rearing styles. Emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and father’s emotional warmth significantly predicted depressive symptoms in both only children and non-only children. Father’s rejection and mother’s overprotection were related to adolescents’ depressive symptoms in only-child families, but not non-only child families.
DiscussionTherefore, depressive symptoms, childhood trauma, and perceived negative rearing styles were more prevalent among adolescents in non-only child families, while negative rearing styles were especially associated with depressive symptoms in only children. These findings suggest that parents pay attention to their impacts on only children and give more emotional care to non-only children.

引言
在实施数十年的独生子女政策后，中国于2016年调整生育政策，允许夫妻生育二孩，这一变革重塑了家庭互动模式与结构。目前针对多子女青少年的情绪问题及家庭环境的相关研究仍较为匮乏。本研究旨在探讨独生子女身份在童年创伤与父母养育方式对中国上海地区青少年抑郁症状的影响中所发挥的作用。
方法
本研究针对中国上海7所中学的4576名青少年（平均年龄13.42岁，标准差为1.21）开展横断面研究。分别采用童年创伤问卷简版（Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form）、简版养育回忆问卷（Short Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran）以及儿童抑郁量表（Children’s Depression Inventory），对青少年的童年创伤经历、感知到的父母养育方式及抑郁症状进行评估。
结果
研究结果显示：女生与非独生子女报告的抑郁症状水平更高；而男生与非独生子女感知到的童年创伤及消极养育方式程度更为显著。情感虐待、情感忽视以及父亲的情感温暖，均可显著预测独生子女与非独生子女青少年的抑郁症状。父亲的拒绝态度与母亲的过度保护，与独生子女家庭青少年的抑郁症状存在关联，但在非独生子女家庭中未发现此种关联。
讨论
综上，非独生子女家庭的青少年在抑郁症状、童年创伤经历以及感知到的消极养育方式方面更为普遍；而消极养育方式与独生子女青少年的抑郁症状关联尤为紧密。本研究结果提示，家长应重视自身教养行为对独生子女的影响，并给予多子女青少年更多的情感关怀。