Characteristics of parents.

Background
Children of incarcerated parents run a high risk of ill-health and future delinquency, whereas positive parenting can support children’s healthy development. The For Our Children’s Sake (FOCS) parenting intervention for parents in prison was evaluated as a controlled trial during 2019–2021 within The Swedish Prison and Probation Service (SPPS). This study reports on the process evaluation and aimed to describe how parents perceived their participation and aspects that influenced implementation of the FOCS intervention.
Methods
This convergent mixed-methods study (QUAL + quan) included qualitative interview data after participation in the FOCS intervention group (12 parents), and quantitative questionnaire data from intervention and control groups (46 parents). Qualitative data were analysed using inductive qualitative content analysis and quantitative data using descriptive and non-parametric statistics.
Results
An integrated synthesis of the qualitative and quantitative results showed three joint concepts that provided an extended understanding of the importance of a child and parent focused intervention available to parents in prison, where FOCS was perceived as the only place where inmates could openly reflect, and express sensitive feelings and thoughts related to the children and being a parent. Also, that the SPPS as an organisation entails partly unsupportive organisational norms with irregular individual staff engagement, which made FOCS invisible in prisons, and the importance of engagement and motivation from all participants and group leaders in the group was essential for a successful FOCS group.
Conclusion
This study showed that availability of a child and parent focused intervention in prison is perceived as very important, and at the same time dependent on a trustful relationship in the group to be rewarding to the participants, where organisational norms within the SPSS need amendments for successful implementation of FOCS. These findings can guide further implementation of similar interventions in prison.

背景：服刑人员子女罹患疾病及未来出现行为偏差的风险显著升高，而积极育儿可助力儿童健康成长。本研究针对瑞典监狱与缓刑服务局（Swedish Prison and Probation Service, SPPS）于2019—2021年间开展的一项对照试验，对面向服刑父母的"为了孩子"（For Our Children’s Sake，简称FOCS）育儿干预项目进行评估。本研究聚焦该项目的过程评估，旨在阐释服刑父母对参与该项目的感知，以及影响FOCS干预方案实施的各类因素。
方法：本研究为聚合型混合方法研究（QUAL+QUAN），纳入两类数据：一是12名参与FOCS干预组的服刑父母的质性访谈数据，二是干预组与对照组共46名服刑父母的定量问卷数据。质性数据采用归纳式质性内容分析法进行分析，定量数据则采用描述性统计与非参数统计方法进行分析。
结果：对质性与定量研究结果的整合分析提炼出三类核心概念，深化了对面向服刑父母的亲子聚焦型干预方案重要性的认知：其一，FOCS被视为服刑人员唯一可公开反思、表达与子女及为人父母相关的敏感情绪与想法的场所；其二，SPPS作为机构存在部分不利于项目推进的组织规范，加之工作人员参与度参差不齐，导致FOCS在监狱中难以获得关注；其三，全体参与者与小组组长的投入与积极性，是FOCS小组取得成效的核心前提。
结论：本研究表明，监狱内设置亲子聚焦型干预方案被视为极具必要性，同时该方案的实施效果依赖于小组内的信任关系，唯有如此方能让参与者获益；此外，SPPS的组织规范亟需修订，以保障FOCS项目的顺利落地。本研究结果可为监狱内同类干预项目的后续推广提供实践指引。