Classification of commodities.

The evolving international economic instability and international trade relationship demand a nation to move towards a self-reliant integrated system at a sub-national scale to address the growing human needs. Given India’s role in the global trade network, it is critical to explore the underlying extensive complex trade network at the domestic scale. The potential advantages of complex interaction among the different commodities remain unexplored despite the known importance of trade networks in maintaining food security and industrial sustainability. Here we perform a comprehensive analysis of agricultural flows in contrast with non-agricultural commodities across Indian states. The spatio-temporal evolution of the networks from 2010–2018 was studied by evaluating topological network characteristics of consistent spatially disaggregated trade data. Our results show an increase in average annual trade value by 23.3% and 15.4% for agriculture and non-agriculture commodities, respectively, with no significant increase in connectivity observed in both networks. However, they depict contrasting behavior concerning the spatio-temporal changes, with non-agriculture trade becoming more dependent on production hubs and the agriculture trade progressing toward self-reliance, which signifies the evolution of the diversification in the existing agrarian trade network. Our findings could serve as an important element in deepening the knowledge of practical applications like resilience and recovery by devising design appropriate policy interventions for sustainable development.不断演变的国际经济动荡与国际贸易格局，要求各国在次国家（sub-national）尺度构建自主整合的系统，以应对日益增长的人类发展需求。鉴于印度在全球贸易网络中的核心地位，亟需探索其国内层面庞大复杂的本土贸易网络。尽管贸易网络对保障粮食安全与维系产业可持续性的重要性已得到广泛认可，但不同商品间复杂互动所蕴含的潜在优势仍未得到充分挖掘。本研究针对印度各邦的农产品与非农产品贸易流量开展了对比性综合分析，通过对2010至2018年的一致性空间细分（spatially disaggregated）贸易数据进行拓扑网络特征分析，探究了该贸易网络的时空演化规律。研究结果表明，农产品与非农产品的年度贸易均值分别增长23.3%与15.4%，但两类贸易网络的连通性均未出现显著提升。不过，二者在时空变化层面呈现出截然不同的特征：非农产品贸易愈发依赖生产枢纽，而农产品贸易则朝着自主供给的方向演进，这标志着现有农业贸易网络的多元化发展。本研究结果可为深化韧性恢复等实际应用领域的认知提供重要支撑，助力制定适配的政策干预措施以推动可持续发展。