Data Sheet 1_Cognitive appraisals linking dispositional mindfulness to athletes' emotions: a multi-states theory approach.pdf

PurposeThe aim of the study was to examine the relationship between dispositional mindfulness, cognitive appraisals, emotions, and psychobiosocial experiences in athletes within the framework of multi-states (MuSt) theory.
MethodA convenience sample of 334 Italian athletes (188 men and 146 women), aged 18–48 years (M = 24.77, SD = 7.26) and involved in individual or team sports, were recruited for the study. Athletes were assessed individually or in small groups before regular practice sessions.
ResultsPath analysis showed positive indirect effects via challenge appraisal from mindful awareness and refocusing to excitement, happiness, and psychobiosocial experiences, and negative indirect effects to anxiety and dejection. Positive indirect effects were observed via threat appraisal from mindful awareness and refocusing to happiness and psychobiosocial experiences, and negative indirect effects to anxiety, dejection, and anger.
ConclusionsThe results highlight the impact of mindful awareness, refocusing, and cognitive appraisals on athletes' emotional and psychobiosocial experiences. Overall findings support MuSt theoretical foundation and suggest that mindfulness may help athletes view challenges as opportunities to express their potential by triggering pleasant emotions and functional psychobiosocial experiences. From an applied perspective, the findings support the use of mindfulness practice in the development of programs to promote athletes' challenge appraisals, pleasant and functional emotional experiences, which may enhance their performance.

研究目的：本研究旨在基于多状态（Multi-states, MuSt）理论框架，探讨运动员的特质正念（dispositional mindfulness）、认知评价（cognitive appraisals）、情绪及心理生物社会体验（psychobiosocial experiences）之间的关联。
研究方法：本研究通过便利抽样招募了334名意大利运动员（其中男性188名，女性146名），年龄介于18至48岁之间（均值M=24.77，标准差SD=7.26），均参与个人或团体体育运动。研究在常规训练前以单独或小团体形式对运动员进行测评。
研究结果：路径分析（Path analysis）结果显示，正念觉知与注意力重定向可通过挑战性评价对兴奋、愉悦及心理生物社会体验产生正向间接效应，对焦虑与沮丧产生负向间接效应；此外，正念觉知与注意力重定向还可通过威胁性评价对愉悦及心理生物社会体验产生正向间接效应，对焦虑、沮丧与愤怒产生负向间接效应。
研究结论：本研究结果凸显了正念觉知、注意力重定向及认知评价对运动员情绪与心理生物社会体验的影响。整体研究结果验证了MuSt理论的基础框架，并表明正念训练可帮助运动员将挑战视为展现自身潜能的契机，通过唤起积极情绪与适应性心理生物社会体验释放潜能。从应用视角来看，本研究结果支持将正念训练纳入运动员培养方案，以提升其挑战性评价、积极且适应性的情绪体验，进而助力运动表现提升。