Instrumental variable tests.

This study uses the numerical changes of the systematic skewness factors to reflect investors’ preferences for the systematic skewness of stocks. As systematic skewness describes the correlation between individual stock returns and market volatility, stocks with positive systematic skewness can obtain positive returns during periods of market volatility. Thus, investors’ preferences for the systematic skewness of stocks can reflect their hedging demands. By examining the predictive power of systematic skewness factors on future interest rates, we found that systematic skewness factors have a significant predictive power on future interest rates. This indicates that investors’ hedging demands influence adjustments to interest rates by China’s monetary authorities. Moreover, for both short‑term and long‑term interest rates, prediction errors based on systematic skewness factors are consistently lower than those from an AR model and the extended Taylor‑rule model proposed by Ma et al. (2025). Systematic skewness can serve as an asymmetric pricing signal in the market for extreme interest rate risks. Its increase often indicates a rise in investors’ anxiety over liquidity tightening, thereby providing central banks with a forward-looking sentiment monitoring window independent of traditional economic indicators.