Supplementary file 3_The effects of exercise training and nutritional supplementation on taekwondo performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.xlsx

BackgroundTaekwondo involves dynamic kicking and intermittent high-intensity efforts; the quantitative effects of training and supplementation on sport-specific outcomes remain unclear.
ObjectiveTo systematically quantify the effects of exercise training and nutritional supplementation on taekwondo-specific performance indicators—TSAT, FSKT (10-s and multiple-bout), CMJ, VO2max, and heart-rate indices (HRmean, HRmax, HRpeak)—and to explore potential moderators.
MethodsA PRISMA-guided systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis (SMD, 95% CI) were conducted on randomized or quasi-experimental studies involving taekwondo athletes. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2.0. Primary outcomes included TSAT and FSKT performance; secondary outcomes included CMJ, VO2max, and HR indices.
ResultsExercise training significantly improved TSAT (SMD = −0.82; 95% CI: −1.43 to −0.21), FSKT-10s (SMD = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.15–1.49), FSKT-mult (SMD = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.55–1.35), and VO2max (SMD = 1.54; 95% CI: 0.58–2.49); CMJ (SMD = 0.21; 95% CI: −0.02–0.45) and HRmax (SMD = −0.02; 95% CI: −0.48–0.44) showed no significant changes. Nutritional supplementation—especially caffeine—improved TSAT (SMD = −1.41; 95% CI: −2.24 to −0.57), FSKT-10s (SMD = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.08–2.57), FSKT-mult (SMD = 1.67; 95% CI: 0.72–2.62), and VO2max (SMD = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.60–1.31), with no effect on HR_mean (SMD = 0.10; 95% CI: −0.28–0.47) or HRpeak (SMD = 0.28; 95% CI: −0.46–1.02).
ConclusionBoth exercise training and nutritional supplementation significantly improve agility, repeated-kick performance, and aerobic capacity in taekwondo athletes. Nevertheless, the findings should be generalized cautiously due to the observed heterogeneity. Future well-designed, adequately powered randomized controlled trials with standardized protocols are warranted.
Systematic review registrationIdentifier: CRD420251007058.

背景：跆拳道运动包含动态踢击动作与间歇性高强度运动负荷，但目前训练与营养补充对该项目专项运动表现的量化影响仍不明确。
研究目的：系统量化运动训练与营养补充对跆拳道专项运动表现指标——专项踢击能力（TSAT）、快速踢击测试（FSKT，含10秒单次测试与多组重复测试）、垂直跳跃测试（CMJ）、最大摄氧量（VO2max）以及心率指标（平均心率HRmean、最大心率HRmax、峰值心率HRpeak）的影响，并探讨潜在的调节变量。
研究方法：本研究遵循系统综述首选报告条目（PRISMA）开展，针对纳入跆拳道运动员的随机对照或类实验研究进行随机效应模型荟萃分析，采用标准化均数差（SMD）与95%置信区间（95% CI）作为效应量指标。采用偏倚风险评估工具2.0（RoB 2.0）评估纳入研究的偏倚风险。本研究的主要结局指标为TSAT与FSKT运动表现，次要结局指标包括CMJ、VO2max及各类心率相关指标。
研究结果：运动训练可显著提升TSAT（SMD=-0.82；95%CI：-1.43~-0.21）、10秒快速踢击测试（FSKT-10s，SMD=0.82；95%CI：0.15~1.49）、多组重复快速踢击测试（FSKT-mult，SMD=0.95；95%CI：0.55~1.35）以及最大摄氧量（VO2max，SMD=1.54；95%CI：0.58~2.49）；但垂直跳跃测试（CMJ，SMD=0.21；95%CI：-0.02~0.45）与最大心率（HRmax，SMD=-0.02；95%CI：-0.48~0.44）未出现显著变化。营养补充（尤其是咖啡因）可显著提升TSAT（SMD=-1.41；95%CI：-2.24~-0.57）、FSKT-10s（SMD=1.82；95%CI：1.08~2.57）、FSKT-mult（SMD=1.67；95%CI：0.72~2.62）及VO2max（SMD=0.95；95%CI：0.60~1.31），但对平均心率（HRmean，SMD=0.10；95%CI：-0.28~0.47）与峰值心率（HRpeak，SMD=0.28；95%CI：-0.46~1.02）无显著影响。
研究结论：运动训练与营养补充均可显著改善跆拳道运动员的敏捷性、重复踢击表现与有氧能力。但鉴于本研究观察到的异质性，该研究结果需谨慎推广。未来仍需开展设计严谨、统计效力充足且方案标准化的随机对照试验。
系统综述注册信息：标识符：CRD420251007058。