Biogeochemical river inputs for global ocean models (RivR2O)
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1. General Description The global biogeochemical riverine export dataset (RivR2O) uploaded here is a synthesis product for yearly means of preindustrial C, N and P exports to the ocean and their historical evolutions, which are ready-to-use for global ocean models. They will serve as biogeochemical river inputs in the River-2-Ocean Model Intercomparison Study (R2OMIP). The files cover >10000 global catchments which can be read as lists with coordinates, or as gridded netcdf files (0.25°X0.25°). They cover the compounds DIC, DOC, POC, DIP and DIN. The assumed pre-industrial era is assumed to be pre-1900, whereas historical data will cover 1901-2020. Please site the dataset as: Lacroix, F., Liu, M., Ma, M., Resplandy, L., Beusen, A., Hauck, J., Lennartz, S., Li, Y., Tian, H., & Regnier, P. (2024). Biogeochemical river inputs for global ocean models (RivR2O) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13799103 1.1. Preindustrial inputs and their transformations The files are for preindustrial river inputs can be downloaded as netcdf (r2o_riverinputs_preindustrial.nc), or as catchment lists (DIC,DOC,POC,DIN: riverexports_list_CN.csv , DIP: riverexports_list_P.csv) with given coordinates. They quantify yearly means for every catchment without a significant anthropogenic perturbation. They were constructed in the following ways: DIC, DOC, POC Preindustrial DIC, DOC and POC were obtained by subtracting the estimated anthropogenic perturbations for every catchment, which were determined for the 1901-2020 time period by Tian et al. (2023), from the synthesis of present-day exports by Liu et al. (2024). We further accounted for a net DOC source in the tropics (+0.07 Pg C yr-1), and a source in the Southern Hemisphere (+0.01 Pg C yr-1) from estuaries and coastal vegetated ecosystems (including submerged) based on Regnier et al. (2022). Note that in the study, Northern Hemisphere lateral transfers of DOC due to estuaries and coastal vegetation are estimated to approximately zero. A fraction of POC was also removed from the dataset due to models misrepresenting burial on shelf and the remaining fraction (recycled POC) should be added to the semi-refractory DOC pool (see protocol). DIC inputs from groundwater discharge (0.016 Pg C yr-1) were distributed globally homogeneously at every river mouth. Globally, this then amounts to a total of 0.51 Pg C yr-1 of DIC, 0.35 Pg C yr-1 of DOC and 0.095 Pg C yr-1 of POC of available C export to the ocean over the preindustrial time period. DIN The DIN product averages over three river N exports models (ORCHIDEE-NLAT: Ma et al., in review; DLEM: Yang et al., 2015; Tian, pers. Com., IMAGE-GNM: Beusen et al., 2015, 2016) for every catchment. The resulting preindustrial DIN load to the ocean is 11 Tg N yr-1. In addition, labile DON is accounted here as DIN (9 Tg N yr-1) based on the ratio C:N of 2583:103 from labile DOC given above (See R2O MIP protocol). This in total amounts to 20 Tg DIN yr-1 inputs to the ocean in the dataset. DIP The DIP product averages catchment estimates from IMAGE-GNM (Beusen et al., 2016) and Lacroix et al. (2020). The resulting preindustrial DIP load to the ocean is 2.28 Tg P yr-1. In addition, we account for labile DOP as DIP here (0.19 Tg P yr-1) based on the C:P ratio of 2583:1 (See R2O MIP protocol). This in total amounts to 2.47 Tg DIP yr-1 inputs to the ocean in the dataset. 1.2. Anthropogenic Perturbation (1901-2024) The river input files from 1901 can be downloaded as a zip file (r2o_river_inputs_1901_2024.zip), which contains a netcdf files for every year of the time series (1901-2024) as rivr2o_riverinputs_{year}.nc. E.g. for 1901 -> rivr2o_riverinputs_{year}.nc DIC, DOC, POC Preindustrial DIC, DOC and POC were obtained by interpolating linearly the estimated anthropogenic perturbations for every catchment, which were determined for the 1901-2024 time period by Tian et al. (2023), to the present-day exports by Liu et al. (2024). Based on Regnier et al. (2022), we assumed no lateral transfers of DOC due to estuaries and coastal vegetation for the present day. The same fraction of POC was also removed from the dataset due to models misrepresenting burial on shelf and the remaining fraction (recycled POC) should be added to the semi-refractory DOC pool (see protocol). DIC inputs from groundwater discharge (0.016 Pg C yr-1) were distributed globally homogeneously at every river mouth. Globally, this then amounts to a total of 0.53 Pg C yr-1 of DIC, 0.30 Pg C yr-1 of DOC and 0.12 Pg C yr-1 of POC of available C export to the ocean over the 2011-2020 period. DIN The DIN product averages over three river N exports models (ORCHIDEE-NLAT: Ma et al., in review; DLEM: Yang et al., 2015; Tian, pers. Com., IMAGE-GNM: Beusen et al., 2015, 2016) for every catchment. The total amounts to 30.03 Tg DIN yr-1 inputs to the ocean in the dataset for the 2011-2020 average (including inputs from labile DON). DIP The DIP product averages catchment estimates from IMAGE-GNM (Beusen et al., 2016) and Lacroix et al. (2020). This in total amounts to 4.92 Tg DIP yr-1 inputs to the ocean in the dataset. 2. Use for modelers within the R2O MIP We only briefly describe most important information on how to apply the river input data here and refer to the official R2O MIP protocol for more detail on our general simulation guidelines. We firstly recommend the addition of a terrestrial dissolved organic carbon pools in the ocean models: tDOC semi-labile (DOC_sl). Their only source should be that of the terrestrial inputs given here, it should be degraded with a first order constant of k_sl = 1 / 1.5yr (based on Hansell et al., 2012). The other tDOC compound given in the dataset, tDOC labile (tdoc_l), is assumed to be rapidly degraded and should therefore be added to the ocean model DIC pool. The inputs should be added to the closest ocean model grid points where the ocean model has freshwater inputs. Note that the inputs are given as 10^6 C/N/P per year, and this should be taken into account in the addition of the inputs at the model timestep. We recommend scaling the inputs to the seasonality of the freshwater inputs. The inputs from the riverine files should be added to the corresponding pool based on the following table: River Input (as named in rivr2o_riverinputs_preindustrial.nc) Global Load (preindustrial) Global Load (2011-2020 Mean) Ocean Model Pool DIC -> 0.51 Pg C yr-1 0.53 Pg C yr-1 DIC & Alkalinity (see protocol) DOC_l -> 0.19 Pg C yr-1 0.21 Pg C yr-1 DIC DOC_sl -> 0.16 Pg C yr-1 0.09 Pg C yr-1 DOC_sl (new ocean model pool) and associated DON and DOP POC -> 0.095 Pg C yr-1 0.12 Pg C yr-1 marine DOC and associated nutrients (DON, DOP, see protocol) DIP -> 2.47 Tg P yr-1 4.92 Tg P yr-1 DIP / Phosphate DIN -> 20 Tg N yr-1 30.03 Tg N yr-1 DIN / Nitrate 3. References Beusen, A. H. W., L. P. H. Van Beek, A. F. Bouwman, J. M. Mogollón, and J. J. Middelburg. Coupling Global Models for Hydrology and Nutrient Loading to Simulate Nitrogen and Phosphorus Retention in Surface Water-description of IMAGE–GNM and Analysis of Performance. Geoscientific Model Development, 8, no. 12 (2015): 4045–67. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-4045-2015. Beusen, A. H. W., Bouwman, A. F., Van Beek, L. P. H., Mogollón, J. M., and Middelburg, J. J.: Global riverine N and P transport to ocean increased during the 20th century despite increased retention along the aquatic continuum, Biogeosciences, 13, 2441–2451, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2441-2016, 2016. Hansell, D. A., C. A. Carlson, and R. Schlitzer (2012), Net removal of major marine dissolved organic carbon fractions in the subsurface ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 26, GB1016, doi:10.1029/2011GB004069. Lacroix, F., Ilyina, T., and Hartmann, J.: Oceanic CO2 outgassing and biological production hotspots induced by pre-industrial river loads of nutrients and carbon in a global modeling approach, Biogeosciences, 17, 55–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-55-2020, 2020. Liu et al. (2024). Global riverine land-to-ocean carbon export constrained by observations and multi-model assessment, Nature Geoscience, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01524-z Ma, M., Zhang, H., Lauerwald, R., Ciais, P., and Regnier, P.: Estimating lateral nitrogen transfer through the global river network using a land surface model, Earth Syst. Dynam. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-2024-29, in review, 2024. Regnier, P., Resplandy, L., Najjar, R.G. et al. The land-to-ocean loops of the global carbon cycle. Nature 603, 401–410 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04339-9 Tian, H., Yao, Y., Li, Y., Shi, H., Pan, S., Najjar, R. G., et al. (2023). Increased terrestrial carbon export and CO2 evasion from global inland waters since the preindustrial era. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 37, e2023GB007776. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GB007776 Yang, Qichun, Hanqin Tian, Marjorie A. M. Friedrichs, Charles S. Hopkinson, Chaoqun Lu, and Raymond G. Najjar.: Increased Nitrogen Export from Eastern North America to the Atlantic Ocean Due to Climatic and Anthropogenic Changes during 1901–2008. Biogeosciences,120, no. 6 (2015): 1046–68. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002763. 4. Version Log v1 -> pre-industrial river inputs with coastal vegetation and burial transformations v2 -> Groundwater DIC discharge was added. v3-> Bugfixes for groundwater discharge and blue carbon inputs. v4 -> Corrected index with list riverexports_list_CN.csv for DIN inputs v5 -> corrected tDOC splits according to R2O-MIP protocol v8 -> Added submerged coastal vegetation fluxes to tDOC_semilabile v9 -> labile DON and labile DOP are added to the DIP and DON pools (based on C:N:P ratio of 2583:106:1) v10 -> slight correction in the labile DOM C:N:P ratio (C:N:P = 2583:103:1) v11 -> correction of labile DOM C:N:P ratio in list files v12 -> Addition of anthropogenic time series for 1901-2024
1. 总体说明 本数据集上传的全球生物地球化学河流输出数据集（RivR2O）是针对工业化前时期碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）向海洋的年平均输出量及其历史演变的综合产物，可直接用于全球海洋模式。该数据集将作为河流-海洋模式比对研究（River-2-Ocean Model Intercomparison Study, R2OMIP）中的生物地球化学河流输入数据。数据集文件涵盖全球超过10000个流域，可读取为带坐标的列表文件，或0.25°×0.25°网格的netCDF格式文件。数据集包含的物质包括溶解无机碳（Dissolved Inorganic Carbon, DIC）、溶解有机碳（Dissolved Organic Carbon, DOC）、颗粒有机碳（Particulate Organic Carbon, POC）、溶解无机磷（Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus, DIP）和溶解无机氮（Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen, DIN）。本数据集设定的工业化前时期为1900年之前，历史数据时段则覆盖1901年至2020年。 请按以下方式引用本数据集： Lacroix, F., Liu, M., Ma, M., Resplandy, L., Beusen, A., Hauck, J., Lennartz, S., Li, Y., Tian, H., & Regnier, P. (2024). 全球海洋模式生物地球化学河流输入数据集（RivR2O）[数据集]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13799103 1.1 工业化前输入及其转化过程 工业化前河流输入数据文件可通过netCDF格式（r2o_riverinputs_preindustrial.nc）或带坐标的流域列表文件下载：DIC、DOC、POC、DIN对应riverexports_list_CN.csv，DIP对应riverexports_list_P.csv。这些文件量化了每个未受显著人为扰动流域的年平均输出量，其构建方式如下： ### DIC、DOC、POC 工业化前的DIC、DOC与POC数据，通过从Liu等人（2024）的现代河流输出综合数据中，减去Tian等人（2023）针对1901-2020时段估算的每个流域的人为扰动量得到。本研究进一步参考Regnier等人（2022）的研究，纳入了热带地区的DOC净来源（+0.07 Pg C yr⁻¹）以及南半球河口与沿海植被生态系统（包括水下植被）的DOC来源（+0.01 Pg C yr⁻¹）。需注意，本研究估算得到北半球因河口与沿海植被产生的DOC侧向迁移量近似为0。由于部分模式无法准确模拟陆架埋藏过程，本数据集剔除了一部分POC，剩余部分（循环POC）需添加至半难降解DOC库（详见研究方案）。地下水输入的DIC（0.016 Pg C yr⁻¹）在全球每个河口均匀分配。全球范围内，工业化时期向海洋输出的有效碳总量为：DIC 0.51 Pg C yr⁻¹、DOC 0.35 Pg C yr⁻¹、POC 0.095 Pg C yr⁻¹。 ### DIN DIN数据集通过对每个流域的3个河流氮输出模式结果取平均得到，分别为ORCHIDEE-NLAT（Ma等人，待刊）、DLEM（Yang等人，2015）、Tian个人交流，以及IMAGE-GNM（Beusen等人，2015、2016）。最终得到的工业化前向海洋输入的DIN负荷为11 Tg N yr⁻¹。此外，根据上述不稳定DOC的C:N比2583:103，本数据集将不稳定溶解有机氮（Dissolved Organic Nitrogen, DON）折算为DIN（9 Tg N yr⁻¹，详见R2OMIP研究方案）。本数据集向海洋输入的DIN总量为20 Tg yr⁻¹。 ### DIP DIP数据集通过对IMAGE-GNM（Beusen等人，2016）与Lacroix等人（2020）的流域估算结果取平均得到。最终得到的工业化前向海洋输入的DIP负荷为2.28 Tg P yr⁻¹。此外，根据C:P比2583:1，本数据集将不稳定溶解有机磷（Dissolved Organic Phosphorus, DOP）折算为DIP（0.19 Tg P yr⁻¹，详见R2OMIP研究方案）。本数据集向海洋输入的DIP总量为2.47 Tg yr⁻¹。 1.2 人为扰动（1901-2024年） 1901年以来的河流输入文件可通过压缩包r2o_river_inputs_1901_2024.zip下载，其中包含1901-2024年每个年份的netCDF格式文件，命名格式为rivr2o_riverinputs_{year}.nc，例如1901年对应文件为rivr2o_riverinputs_1901.nc。 ### DIC、DOC、POC 工业化前DIC、DOC与POC数据通过线性插值得到：将Tian等人（2023）针对1901-2024时段估算的每个流域的人为扰动量，插值至Liu等人（2024）的现代河流输出数据。参考Regnier等人（2022）的研究，本研究假设现代时期不存在因河口与沿海植被产生的DOC侧向迁移。同样，由于模式无法准确模拟陆架埋藏过程，本数据集剔除了一部分POC，剩余循环POC需添加至半难降解DOC库（详见研究方案）。地下水输入的DIC（0.016 Pg C yr⁻¹）在全球每个河口均匀分配。在2011-2020年平均时段，全球范围内向海洋输出的有效碳总量为：DIC 0.53 Pg C yr⁻¹、DOC 0.30 Pg C yr⁻¹、POC 0.12 Pg C yr⁻¹。 ### DIN DIN数据集仍通过对每个流域的3个河流氮输出模式结果取平均得到，模式同上。在2011-2020年平均时段，本数据集向海洋输入的DIN总量为30.03 Tg yr⁻¹（包含不稳定DON折算的DIN量）。 ### DIP DIP数据集仍通过对IMAGE-GNM（Beusen等人，2016）与Lacroix等人（2020）的流域估算结果取平均得到。在2011-2020年平均时段，本数据集向海洋输入的DIP总量为4.92 Tg yr⁻¹。 2. 供R2OMIP模式使用者参考 本文仅简要说明河流输入数据的核心使用方法，通用模拟指南的详细内容请参见官方R2OMIP研究方案。 首先，建议在海洋模式中添加陆地溶解有机碳库：半不稳定陆地溶解有机碳（tDOC_semi-labile, DOC_sl）。该库的唯一来源为本文提供的陆地输入通量，其降解速率遵循一级动力学，降解常数k_sl = 1 / 1.5 yr（参考Hansell等人，2012）。数据集中的另一类陆地DOC为不稳定陆地溶解有机碳（tDOC_labile, tdoc_l），假设其快速降解，需直接添加至海洋模式的DIC库中。 河流输入通量需添加至海洋模式中接收淡水输入的最近网格点。需注意，数据集中的输入通量单位为每年10^6单位的C/N/P，在模式时间步长内添加通量时需考虑该单位转换。建议将输入通量按淡水输入的季节循环进行缩放。 河流文件中的输入通量需按以下表格对应至相应的海洋模式库： | 河流输入项（rivr2o_riverinputs_preindustrial.nc 中的命名） | 工业化前全球总负荷 | 2011-2020年平均全球总负荷 | 海洋模式对应库 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | DIC | 0.51 Pg C yr⁻¹ | 0.53 Pg C yr⁻¹ | DIC与碱度（详见研究方案） | | DOC_l | 0.19 Pg C yr⁻¹ | 0.21 Pg C yr⁻¹ | DIC | | DOC_sl | 0.16 Pg C yr⁻¹ | 0.09 Pg C yr⁻¹ | DOC_sl（新增海洋模式库）及伴生的DON、DOP | | POC | 0.095 Pg C yr⁻¹ | 0.12 Pg C yr⁻¹ | 海洋DOC及伴生营养盐（DON、DOP，详见研究方案） | | DIP | 2.47 Tg P yr⁻¹ | 4.92 Tg P yr⁻¹ | DIP/磷酸盐 | | DIN | 20 Tg N yr⁻¹ | 30.03 Tg N yr⁻¹ | DIN/硝酸盐 | 3. 参考文献 Beusen, A. H. W., Van Beek, L. P. H., Bouwman, A. F., Mogollón, J. M., Middelburg, J. J. 耦合全球水文与营养负荷模式以模拟地表水中氮磷滞留——IMAGE-GNM模式描述与性能分析. 《地球科学模式发展》, 2015, 8(12): 4045-4067. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-4045-2015. Beusen, A. H. W., Bouwman, A. F., Van Beek, L. P. H., Mogollón, J. M., Middelburg, J. J. 20世纪全球河流氮磷向海洋输送量增加：尽管水生连续体滞留增强. 《生物地球科学》, 2016, 13: 2441-2451. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2441-2016. Hansell, D. A., Carlson, C. A., Schlitzer, R. 次表层海洋中主要海洋溶解有机碳组分的净去除. 《全球生物地球化学循环》, 2012, 26: GB1016. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GB004069. Lacroix, F., Ilyina, T., Hartmann, J. 全球海洋模式中工业化前河流营养盐与碳输入诱导的海洋CO₂脱气与生物生产热点. 《生物地球科学》, 2020, 17: 55-88. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-55-2020. Liu et al. (2024). 基于观测与多模式评估的全球河流陆地-海洋碳输出. 《自然·地球科学》. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01524-z Ma, M., Zhang, H., Lauerwald, R., Ciais, P., Regnier, P. 基于陆面模式估算全球河网的氮侧向迁移. 《地球系统动力学讨论》[预印本], 2024. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-2024-29, 待刊. Regnier, P., Resplandy, L., Najjar, R.G. 等. 全球碳循环的陆地-海洋循环. 《自然》, 2022, 603: 401-410. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04339-9. Tian, H., Yao, Y., Li, Y., Shi, H., Pan, S., Najjar, R. G. 等. 自工业化时代以来全球内陆水域的陆地碳输出与CO₂逸出增加. 《全球生物地球化学循环》, 2023, 37: e2023GB007776. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GB007776. Yang, Qichun, Tian, Hanqin, Friedrichs, Marjorie A. M., Hopkinson, Charles S., Lu, Chaoqun, Najjar, Raymond G. 1901-2008年气候与人为变化导致北美东部向大西洋输出的氮增加. 《生物地球科学》, 2015, 120(6): 1046-1068. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002763. 4. 版本更新日志 v1：首次发布，包含沿海植被与埋藏过程修正的工业化前河流输入数据 v2：新增地下水DIC输入通量 v3：修复地下水输入与蓝碳输入相关的程序错误 v4：修正DIN输入对应的riverexports_list_CN.csv文件索引 v5：根据R2OMIP研究方案修正陆地DOC的分类拆分 v8：将水下沿海植被通量添加至tDOC_semilabile库 v9：根据C:N:P比2583:106:1，将不稳定DON与DOP分别添加至DIN与DIP库 v10：微调不稳定DOM的C:N:P比（修正为2583:103:1） v11：修正列表文件中不稳定DOM的C:N:P比 v12：新增1901-2024年的人为扰动时间序列数据
