Marble Beaker with Two Lugs

A key site for discussing the rise exchange networks centering on craft products is the site of Kulaksizlar, situated in Turkey. It is of special interest because there is evidence for the production of marble vessels. The marble raw material for these stone vessels and other rocks used in the manufacturing process, such as grabbo, basalt, and sandstone, were located within walking distance of this place. The most common artefacts were pointed beakers. The beakers are conical in shape and have two vertical lugs with piercings near the rim. The manufacturing required a considerable input of labour and amount of skill. Production stages of beakers include coarse flaking, pecking, drilling and polishing. There are numerous stages in the production during which the stone could brea, for example due to a structural weakness in the marble used, this resulted in a large number of rejects found at the site. The remarkable thing thing about these beakers is that they have features that make them difficult to produce in stone, they have have perforated vertical lugs and protruding heads set on a narrow fragile neck. Given that these characteristics made the beakers more difficult to produce, it is possible that this added to the perception of craft products made with skilled labour- whereas a pointed beaker without lugs would have represented a large labour investement and less skill.探讨以手工制品为核心的交换网络兴起问题的关键遗址，是位于土耳其的库拉克瑟勒（Kulaksizlar）遗址。该遗址具备特殊研究价值，因为这里发现了大理石容器制作的相关遗存证据。这类石器所用的大理石原料，以及制作过程中使用的其他岩石（如格拉博岩（grabbo）、玄武岩、砂岩），均产自该遗址步行可达的区域范围内。 该遗址出土最频繁的人工制品为尖底杯。这类器物呈圆锥造型，口沿附近带有两个带穿孔的垂直耳柄。其制作过程需要投入大量人力与精湛技艺。尖底杯的制作工序包括粗剥片、啄凿、钻孔与打磨抛光。制作过程中的多个环节都可能导致石料破损——例如所用大理石存在结构缺陷，这使得遗址中出土了大量报废制品。 这类尖底杯的独特之处在于，其多项特征使其难以以石材制作：带穿孔的垂直耳柄，以及设于窄细易碎瓶颈上的凸起杯头。鉴于这些特征大幅提升了制作难度，这类制品或许更能体现制作者的精湛技艺；相较而言，不带耳柄的尖底杯仅需投入大量人力，对技艺的要求相对更低。