Table_3_Indigenous Foods of India: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Nutritive Values, Antinutrient Content and Mineral Bioavailability of Traditional Foods Consumed by Indigenous Communities of India.pdf

India is endowed with several indigenous foods (IFs), that hold special cultural significance among local and ethnic caommunities, yet no attempts have been made till date to systematically compile their nutritive values. As per FAO's recent mandate on creation of “Global-Hub on Indigenous Food Systems,” IFs have received renewed global recognition for their potential to contribute to improved food security while enhancing biodiversity across the world. Hence, the useful properties of wild IFs require proper study and documentation in order to bridge the gap between scientific evidence generation and indigenous peoples' ancestral knowledge. For this purpose, we conducted a literature search in two scientific databases: PubMed and Google Scholar, between July 2020 and December 2021, to identify studies reporting nutritive values and/or antinutrient content of IFs (not included in Indian food composition database), consumed by Indian indigenous communities. A total of 52 Indian research articles were included, from which data was selected and extracted, to create a compendium on nutrient (n = 508) and antinutrient (n = 123) content of IFs, followed by computation of antinutrient-to-mineral molar ratios for 98 IFs to predict their mineral bioavailability. Maximum nutritive values were available for green leafy vegetables (n = 154), followed by other vegetables (n = 98), fruits (n = 66), cereals (n = 63), roots & tubers (n = 51) and nuts and legumes (n = 36). Several IFs seen to have better nutritional content than conventional foods and were found to be rich (i.e., >20% Indian recommended dietary allowances per reference food serve) in iron (54%), calcium (35%), protein (30%), vitamin C (27%), vitamin A (18%), zinc (14%) and folate (13%). Some IFs displayed high levels of antinutrients, however, anti-nutrient-to-mineral molar ratios were found to be low (for mainly leafy vegetables, other vegetables, and roots and tubers), thus indicating high mineral bioavailability. Hence, efforts are desirable to encourage the inclusion of these nutritionally superior IFs into the usual diets of indigenous communities. The IF database collated in our review can serve as a resource for researchers and policymakers to better understand the nutritional properties of region-specific IFs and promote them through contextual food-based interventions for improved dietary quality and nutrition outcomes in indigenous population of India.

印度拥有诸多本土食物（indigenous foods, IFs），这些食物在当地及族群社区中承载着特殊的文化意义，但迄今为止尚未有研究对其营养价值进行系统性整理汇编。根据联合国粮食及农业组织（Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO）近期提出的建立“本土食物系统全球枢纽”的倡议，本土食物（IFs）再度获得全球认可——其不仅有助于提升全球粮食安全，还能推动全球生物多样性保护。因此，野生本土食物的有益特性亟需开展系统性研究与记录，以弥合科学证据生成与原住民传统知识之间的鸿沟。为此，本研究于2020年7月至2021年12月期间，在PubMed数据库与谷歌学术两个科学数据库中开展文献检索，旨在筛选出报道印度原住民所食用的、未纳入印度食物成分数据库的本土食物的营养价值及/或抗营养因子（antinutrient）含量的相关研究。最终纳入52篇印度本土研究文献，从中筛选并提取数据，构建了涵盖508项营养素及123项抗营养因子含量的本土食物汇编集；随后针对其中98种本土食物计算了抗营养因子与矿物质的摩尔比，以预测其矿物质生物利用率。其中绿叶蔬菜类本土食物的相关营养价值数据最为丰富（共154项），其次为其他蔬菜类（98项）、水果类（66项）、谷物类（63项）、根茎类（51项）以及坚果与豆类（36项）。多款本土食物的营养成分优于常规食物，其中54%的样本铁含量、35%的样本钙含量、30%的样本蛋白质含量、27%的样本维生素C含量、18%的样本维生素A含量、14%的样本锌含量以及13%的样本叶酸含量均达到了印度推荐膳食摄入量（Recommended Dietary Allowances, RDA）参考份食的20%以上，属于高营养密度食物。部分本土食物的抗营养因子含量较高，但主要针对绿叶蔬菜、其他蔬菜及根茎类食物的分析显示，其抗营养因子与矿物质摩尔比偏低，这意味着其矿物质具有较高的生物利用率。因此，亟需推动将这类营养优势显著的本土食物纳入原住民日常膳食体系。本综述所汇编的本土食物数据库，可为研究人员与政策制定者提供参考，帮助其更好地了解特定区域本土食物的营养特性，并通过适配本地情境的食物干预措施推广这类食物，进而改善印度原住民的膳食质量与营养结局。