Table 1_How artificial intelligence can enable personalized mesenchymal stem cell–based therapeutic strategies in systemic lupus erythematosus.docx

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) are increasingly recognized as promising candidates for treating Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) due to their immunomodulatory and regenerative properties. However, their therapeutic efficacy remains inconsistent, largely due to the heterogeneity of MSC origins, culture conditions, cell quality, host immune interactions, and the influence of immunosuppressive treatments. Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers powerful tools to address these challenges by optimising MSC modification and application. This review explores how AI can identify optimal genetic and epigenetic targets, predict MSC behaviour under different environmental and priming conditions, and design personalise therapies tailored to individual patients. Moreover, AI enables the analysis of extensive datasets to refine dosing strategies and improve the integration of MSC therapy with immunosuppressants. By enhancing the precision, consistency, and personalisation of MSC-based interventions, AI has the potential to significantly improve therapeutic outcomes in SLE, advancing the field toward more effective and patient-centred autoimmune disease management.

间充质干细胞（Mesenchymal Stromal Cells, MSCs）因其免疫调节与再生特性，日益被视为治疗系统性红斑狼疮（Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, SLE）的极具潜力的候选方案。然而其治疗疗效仍存在不一致性，这在很大程度上源于MSCs来源、培养条件、细胞质量、宿主免疫相互作用以及免疫抑制治疗的影响等方面的异质性。人工智能（Artificial Intelligence, AI）为解决这些挑战提供了强大工具，可优化MSCs的修饰与应用。本综述探讨了AI如何能够识别最优的遗传与表观遗传靶点、预测不同环境及预刺激条件下MSCs的行为，并设计针对个体患者的个性化治疗方案。此外，AI还可助力分析大规模数据集，以优化给药策略，并改善MSCs疗法与免疫抑制剂的联合应用。通过提升基于MSCs的干预手段的精准性、一致性与个性化水平，AI有望显著改善SLE的治疗结局，推动该领域向更高效、更以患者为中心的自身免疫性疾病管理方向发展。