Ardulake temperature profiler: an open-source, low-cost, automated monitoring system for unraveling the mixing behavior of lakes. (submitted to HardwareX)

The thermal classification of lakes according to their mixing regime is a piece of classical limnology. The topic seemed to be scientifically settled, but new knowledge is emerging about differences in mixing regimes still for ponds and shallow lakes. The present article presents the technological development of an original, simple, and autonomous high-frequency temperature monitoring system at various depths applied to research of thermal behavior of intermediate depth lakes. The proposal, named Ardulake temperature profiler, was based on Arduino technology and utilized telemetry via GPRS. Not only the development of the equipment but also installation criteria and performance evaluation after more than two years are analyzed. The monitoring system was useful for real-time high frequency monitoring of environmental temperature as well as storing the data on an online platform for further analysis or visualization. The generated data is being used to numerically model the thermic behavior of a subtropical urban lake. The main strengths of the system are low production and maintenance costs, replicability, and customization possibilities. Advice for the development of projects with similar characteristics is given. Possibilities of adapting to other objectives, main identified cautions, and perspectives for improvement are also addressed.

依据混合节律对湖泊进行热学分类，是湖沼学中的经典研究方向。该课题曾被认为在学术上已趋于完善，但针对池塘与浅水湖泊的混合节律差异，仍有新的研究成果不断涌现。本文介绍了一种原创、简易且可自主运行的多深度高频温度监测系统的技术研发过程，该系统被命名为Ardulake温度剖面仪（Ardulake temperature profiler），其基于Arduino技术开发，并通过通用分组无线服务（General Packet Radio Service, GPRS）实现遥测功能。本文不仅分析了该设备的研发过程，还阐述了其安装规范以及两年以上的运行性能评估结果。该监测系统可实现环境温度的实时高频监测，并将数据存储于在线平台，以供后续分析与可视化处理。所采集的数据已被用于构建亚热带城市湖泊热行为的数值模型。该系统的主要优势在于生产成本与维护成本低廉、可复制性强，且具备定制化改造空间。本文还为同类项目的研发提供了参考建议，同时探讨了该系统适配其他研究目标的可能性、主要注意事项以及后续改进方向。