Violence in the Family and the Meaning of Law

Attitude to violence against children and actual use of violence. Legal
knowledge. Educational goals and child-raising styles. Topics:
importance of public discussion of selected topics on violence by
children and against children (scales); the image of violence in public
as well as violence in the family (semantic differentials); subjective
understanding of violence and bodily injury (scale); assumed normalcy
of violence and violence as normal characteristic of man (scale);
importance of legal knowledge as well as assessment of personal legal
knowledge in the areas contract law, public law, marriage law and
family law; self-assessment of legal knowledge in neighborhood law;
knowledge about the right to punish for parents, teachers and other
persons (scale); attitude to selected statements about the parent-child
relationship regarding discipline and obedience (scale); most important
educational goals (scale); knowledge of advice centers; acceptance and
limit for physical punishment of children on the part of parents as
well as teachers (scale); age limit of children for physical punishment
measures of parents; assumed agreement of the attitude to physical
punishment of children with selected representatives of the social
surroundings as well as also assumed agreement with the family doctor,
with social workers, Youth Welfare Department, with employees of the
young people telephone, with policemen as well as with criminal judges;
attitude to coping with conflict by means of use of violence, e.g. slap
or hits (scale); strategy to cope with conflict or sanction behavior in
the case of an example conflict between parents and children (scale);
frequency of use of selected child-raising measures regarding one´s own
children as well as use of these measures by the parents of the
respondent; knowledge about allowed or prohibited physical punishment
measures; knowledge test on legal requirement about physical and
psychological abuse, about use of violence, physical punishment and
abusive punishment measures; knowledge about right of parents to punish
in the GDR in comparison to Western Germany; attitude to the right of
parents to punish (scale); assumed reasons for punishment conduct of
parents and personal intervention behavior in such cases (scales);
possible misgivings about turning to an advice center of the Youth
Welfare Department or a child protection organization (scale); attitude
to self-determination of children about their place of stay in case of
parental violence and preferred age for establishment of such a right;
advantages and disadvantage of involving the police in case of child
abuse (scale); subjective understanding or drawing the line on sexual
abuse and abuse of children in families based on selected situations;
assumed reasons for sexual abuse of girls in the family as well as
possible social reasons (scale); assumed reasons for child abuse;
personal suspicion of physical abuse or sexual abuse of a child in a
family and readiness to intervene; most important effects of criminal
proceedings on child abuse in the sense of deterrence, punishment,
public interest, atonment and protection of the persons affected;
possible negative effects of criminal proceedings in the sense of
making the situation of the child in the family worse, low therapy
chances of parents, replacement of familial violence by governmental
force and self-accusation of the child due to possible punishment of
parents; preferred course of justice in the case of suspicion of sexual
abuse of a child (scale); preferred guidelines for judges and
prosecuting attorneys in the case of child abuse: just versus
reasonable decision in agreement with the youth and family advice
centers. Seeking advice to solve a serious personal problem in the last
year and available person to confide in; personal health consciousness;
self-classification of condition of health; one´s own initiative to
maintain health; self-classification of personal emotional,
psychological and physical constitution; frequency of anger,
senselessness, fear, feelings of guilt and jealousy; frequency of
physical complaints; perceived occupational stress; time of last visit
to the doctor and frequency of contacts with doctors in the last year;
reasons and occasion for visit to the doctor; satisfaction with
treatment by the doctor and the time expended for treatment; frequency
of contact with other places of medical and therapeutic treatment in
the last year, such as e.g. lay medical practitioner, psychotherapy,
physiotherapist, social worker, optician, nutrition advisor, health
office and drug counseling; visits to the doctor due to selected
illnesses, allergies, accidents, drug addictions and psychological
illness; use of medication for selected illnesses and complaints as
well as prescription of medications by doctor or self-treatment;
attitude to doctors and psychologists (scales). Age and sex of the
oldest child under 20 years; causes of visits to the doctor for this
child; time of last visit to the doctor; common visit with the child to
the doctor; satisfaction with treatment of the child; consultation of a
psychological advice center by the oldest child accompanied by parents
or on personal initiative; independently consulting a doctor by the
child.

Demography: sex; age; citizenship; religious affiliation;
marital status; number of persons in household; composition of
household; age and sex of children; contact with young people and
children; school education; vocational training; occupation and
occupational position; self-assessment of religiousness; frequency of
watching talk shows and news broadcasts on television; regularity of
reading magazines and newspapers; frequency of reading media reports
about sexual violence and physical abuse; knowledge about legislation
discussion on change of the right of parents to punish; party
preference.

Also encoded was: date of interview; identification of interviewer.

针对儿童暴力的态度与暴力行为实际实施情况、法律认知、教育目标及育儿风格。

研究议题：针对儿童施暴与遭受暴力相关选定议题的公共讨论重要性（量表）；公众眼中的暴力形象与家庭暴力（语义差异量表（semantic differentials））；对暴力与身体伤害的主观认知（量表）；将暴力视为常态及暴力作为人类正常特征的观念（量表）；法律认知的重要性，以及对个人在合同法、公法、婚姻法与家庭法领域法律知识的评估；对个人在邻里法领域法律知识的自评；针对父母、教师及其他人员的惩戒权认知（量表）；针对关于亲子关系中惩戒与服从的选定表述的态度（量表）；最重要的教育目标（量表）；咨询中心认知；父母与教师对儿童体罚的接受度及容忍限度（量表）；父母实施体罚措施的儿童年龄限制；认为自身对儿童体罚的态度与选定的社会环境代表人物（以及家庭医生、社会工作者、青年福利部门、青少年热线工作人员、警察及刑事法官）的态度一致的程度；对通过暴力手段（如掌掴或殴打）应对冲突的态度（量表）；针对一起亲子间典型冲突的冲突应对策略或惩戒行为（量表）；针对自身子女及受访者父母所采用的选定育儿措施的实施频率；合法与禁止性体罚措施认知；针对身体与心理虐待、暴力使用、体罚及虐待性惩戒措施的法律要求知识测试；与西德相比，德意志民主共和国（GDR）时期的父母惩戒权认知；对父母惩戒权的态度（量表）；父母惩戒行为及此类场景下个人干预行为的假定动因（量表）；向青年福利部门或儿童保护组织的咨询中心求助可能存在的顾虑（量表）；针对父母存在暴力行为时儿童的居所自决权及设立该权利的适宜年龄的态度；涉及儿童虐待时警方介入的利弊（量表）；基于选定场景对家庭中性虐待与儿童虐待的主观认知或界定界限；家庭中女童遭受性虐待的假定动因及可能的社会动因（量表）；儿童虐待的假定动因；对家庭中儿童遭受身体或性虐待的个人怀疑及干预意愿；刑事诉讼对儿童虐待在威慑、惩戒、公共利益、赎罪及保护受影响人员层面的最重要影响；刑事诉讼可能产生的负面影响，即恶化儿童在家庭中的处境、父母的治疗机会渺茫、政府强制手段取代家庭内部暴力、儿童因父母可能受罚而产生自我指责；针对疑似儿童性虐待案件的首选司法程序（量表）；针对儿童虐待案件，法官与检察官的首选裁判准则：与青年及家庭咨询中心达成一致的公正合理裁决。

过去一年中为解决严重个人问题的求助行为及可倾诉对象；个人健康意识；健康状况自评；主动维持健康的行为；个人情绪、心理与身体素质自评；愤怒、无意义感、恐惧、内疚与嫉妒情绪的发生频率；身体不适症状的发生频率；感知到的职业压力；上次就医时间及过去一年与医生的接触频率；就医的原因与时机；对医生诊疗及诊疗时长的满意度；过去一年与其他医疗及治疗机构的接触频率，例如无执照民间行医者、心理治疗师、物理治疗师、社会工作者、验光师、营养顾问、卫生所及药物咨询；针对选定疾病、过敏、事故、药物成瘾与心理疾病的就医情况；针对选定疾病与不适的药物使用情况，以及医生处方药物或自我药疗情况；对医生与心理学家的态度（量表）。20岁以下长子/长女的年龄与性别；该子女的就医原因；上次就医时间；与子女共同就医的情况；对子女诊疗的满意度；长子/长女在父母陪同下或主动前往心理咨询中心咨询的情况；子女独立就医的情况。

人口统计学变量：性别、年龄、国籍、宗教归属、婚姻状况、家庭人口数、家庭构成、子女的年龄与性别、与青少年及儿童的接触情况、学校教育经历、职业培训情况、职业与职位、宗教信仰自评、电视脱口秀与新闻节目的观看频率、杂志与报纸的阅读规律性、关于性暴力与身体虐待的媒体报道阅读频率、关于父母惩戒权修改的立法讨论认知、政党偏好。

此外还编码了以下内容：访谈日期、访谈员标识。