Dutch and Japanese listeners' perception of group membership from spontaneous and volitional laughter

The 16 laughter stimuli were presented to participants via headphones from a computer. On each trial, participants heard a laugh and were asked in a two-way forced-choice task 1) whether the laugh was spontaneous, which happens when someone finds something really funny (e.g., a hilarious joke) or volitional, which happens when someone is laughing to be nice even though they do not think something is funny (e.g., a joke that is not funny at all), and 2) whether the laughing person was from their own or cultural group or foreign. Participants also rated the positivity of each clip on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (“A little positive”) to 7 (“Very positive”). The scale was presented with accompanying smiley faces (see Supplementary Materials Figure S1). The presentation order of the stimuli and questions was randomised separately for each participant. They could replay each stimulus as many times as they wanted.

本研究采用16段笑声刺激材料，通过电脑耳机向被试呈现。在每个实验试次中，被试聆听一段笑声后需完成两项二项迫选任务：其一，判断该笑声为自发式还是刻意式——自发式笑声指个体因感知到事物极具笑点（如一则爆笑的笑话）而自然发出的笑声；刻意式笑声则指个体为维系社交善意而刻意发出、自身并未觉得好笑的笑声（如一则完全不好笑的笑话）；其二，判断发笑者所属群体为己方文化群体还是外来文化群体。此外，被试需基于7点李克特（Likert）量表对每段音频片段的积极程度进行评分，该量表评分区间为1分（"略微积极"）至7分（"极其积极"），且配套有表情符号提示（详见补充材料图S1）。所有刺激材料与任务问题的呈现顺序均针对每位被试单独随机化，被试可根据自身需求重复聆听任意一段刺激材料。