Data from: Adaptive plasticity and niche expansion in an invasive thistle

AbstractPhenotypic differentiation in size and fecundity between native and invasive populations of a species has been suggested as a causal driver of invasion in plants. Local adaptation to novel environmental conditions through a micro-evolutionary response to natural selection may lead to phenotypic differentiation and fitness advantages in the invaded range. Local adaptation may occur along a stress tolerance trade-off, favoring individuals that, in benign conditions, shift resource allocation from stress tolerance to increased vigor and fecundity and, therefore, invasiveness. Alternately, the typically disturbed invaded range may select for a plastic, generalist strategy, making phenotypic plasticity the main driver of invasion success. To distinguish between these hypotheses, we performed a field common garden and tested for genetically based phenotypic differentiation, resource allocation shifts in response to water limitation, and local adaptation to the environmental gradient which describes the source locations for native and invasive populations of diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa). Plants were grown in an experimental field in France (naturalized range) under water addition and limitation conditions. After accounting for phenotypic variation arising from environmental differences among collection locations, we found evidence of genetic variation between the invasive and native populations for most morphological and life-history traits under study. Invasive C. diffusa populations produced larger, later maturing, and therefore potentially fitter individuals than native populations. Evidence for local adaptation along a resource allocation trade-off for water limitation tolerance is equivocal. However, native populations do show evidence of local adaptation to an environmental gradient, a relationship which is typically not observed in the invaded range. Broader analysis of the climatic niche inhabited by the species in both ranges suggests that the physiological tolerances of C. diffusa may have expanded in the invaded range. This observation could be due to selection for plastic, “general-purpose” genotypes with broad environmental tolerances., Usage notesBioclimatic data C. diffusa experimental populationsGeographic and climatic information for 14 sampled populations of native and invasive Centaurea diffusa (diffuse knapweed). Also, first three principal components from an analysis of this data.FrbioclimPCA_DKdat.txtPlanting information C. diffusa experimental plantsPlanting information for experimental Centaurea diffusa plantsFrdes.txtOccurrence records C. diffusaRecords of Centaurea diffusa in Europe and North America, from GBIF.org, downloaded January 9, 2015Cdif_GBIF_allocc.txtLocation information for collected C. diffusa populationsLocation and collection information for populations of native and invasive Centaurea diffusa (diffuse knapweed) used in the experimental PCA and occurrence PCA.Popcoord.txtAdjusted location information for collected C. diffusa populationsAdjusted location and collection information for populations of native and invasive Centaurea diffusa (diffuse knapweed) used in the experimental PCA and occurrence PCA.Popcoord_worldclim.txtBioclimatic data for C. diffusa occurrencesBioclimatic data and PCA values for occurrence records of Centaurea diffusa Geographic and climatic information for 662 occurrence records of native and invasive Centaurea diffusa (diffuse knapweed) from North America and Europe. Occurrence records include records from GBIF.org as well as collected populations.Cdif_allocc_bioclimPCA.txtTrait data at harvest, from C. diffusa common gardenTrait data for experimental populations of Centaurea diffusa, measured at harvest. Trait values measured in common field experiment in Montpellier, France, 2011. File also include the first three principal components from the experimental PCA of the bioclimatic data for these populations.FrTraitClimDat_cline.txtPhenological trait data, from C. diffusa common gardenPhenological trait data for experimental populations of Centaurea diffusa, measured throughout experiment Trait values measured in common field experiment in Montpellier, France, 2011. File also include the first three principal components from the experimental PCA of the bioclimatic data for these populations.FrEnd_cline.txtRepeated measures of traits, from C. diffusa common gardenTrait data for experimental populations of Centaurea diffusa, repeated measures. Trait values measured in common field experiment in Montpellier, France, 2011. File also include the first three principal components from the experimental PCA of the bioclimatic data for these populations.FrTraitClimDat_cline_long.txtFranceCG - codeGithub repository storing R scripts used in this paper.

摘要：物种本土种群与入侵种群在体型与繁殖力上的表型分化，被认为是植物入侵的因果驱动因素之一。通过对自然选择的微进化响应以适应新环境条件，可能会在入侵范围引发表型分化与适合度优势。本地适应可能沿胁迫耐受权衡发生：在适宜环境中，自然选择会青睐那些将资源分配从胁迫耐受转向活力与繁殖力提升的个体，进而增强入侵性。反之，通常受干扰的入侵范围可能会选择具有可塑性的泛化策略，使得表型可塑性成为入侵成功的主要驱动因素。为区分这两种假说，我们开展了同质园（common garden）野外实验，针对铺散矢车菊（diffuse knapweed，Centaurea diffusa）的本土与入侵种群源地的环境梯度，检验基于遗传的表型分化、响应水分限制的资源分配模式，以及本地适应情况。实验于法国（该物种的归化范围）的实验田中开展，设置了水分添加与水分限制两组处理。在排除采集地环境差异带来的表型变异后，我们发现，在所研究的多数形态与生活史性状上，入侵与本土种群间存在遗传变异。入侵的铺散矢车菊种群所产生的个体体型更大、成熟更晚，因此潜在适合度更高。关于沿资源分配权衡的水分限制耐受相关的本地适应的证据尚不明确。不过，本土种群确实表现出沿环境梯度的本地适应，而这种关系在入侵范围中通常难以观测。对两个范围中该物种所占据的气候生态位的更广泛分析表明，铺散矢车菊的生理耐受范围可能在入侵范围中得到了扩张。这一现象可能源于对具有广泛环境耐受能力的可塑性“泛化”基因型的选择。

使用说明
铺散矢车菊实验种群气候生物数据
包含14个采样的铺散矢车菊本土与入侵种群的地理与气候信息，以及对该数据进行主成分分析得到的前三个主成分。文件：FrbioclimPCA_DKdat.txt
实验植株种植信息 铺散矢车菊实验植株
铺散矢车菊实验植株的种植信息。文件：Frdes.txt
铺散矢车菊分布记录
铺散矢车菊在欧洲与北美的分布记录，数据来源于GBIF.org，下载于2015年1月9日。文件：Cdif_GBIF_allocc.txt
采集种群的位置信息
本实验主成分分析与分布主成分分析所用的铺散矢车菊本土与入侵种群的位置与采集信息。文件：Popcoord.txt
采集种群的校正位置信息
本实验主成分分析与分布主成分分析所用的铺散矢车菊本土与入侵种群的校正位置与采集信息。文件：Popcoord_worldclim.txt
铺散矢车菊分布记录的气候生物数据
铺散矢车菊分布记录的气候生物数据与主成分分析值。包含来自北美与欧洲的662条铺散矢车菊本土与入侵种群的分布记录的地理与气候信息，分布记录包括来自GBIF.org的数据与采集种群数据。文件：Cdif_allocc_bioclimPCA.txt
收获期性状数据（铺散矢车菊同质园实验）
铺散矢车菊实验种群在收获时测定的性状数据，于2011年在法国蒙彼利埃的同质园野外实验中测得。文件还包含对这些种群的气候生物数据进行实验主成分分析得到的前三个主成分。文件：FrTraitClimDat_cline.txt
物候性状数据（铺散矢车菊同质园实验）
铺散矢车菊实验种群在实验全程测定的物候性状数据，于2011年在法国蒙彼利埃的同质园野外实验中测得。文件还包含对这些种群的气候生物数据进行实验主成分分析得到的前三个主成分。文件：FrEnd_cline.txt
重复测量性状数据（铺散矢车菊同质园实验）
铺散矢车菊实验种群的重复测量性状数据，于2011年在法国蒙彼利埃的同质园野外实验中测得。文件还包含对这些种群的气候生物数据进行实验主成分分析得到的前三个主成分。文件：FrTraitClimDat_cline_long.txt
法国同质园代码：存储本文所用R脚本的GitHub代码仓库。