Data Sheet 2_Dynamic changes in the gut microbiota of SPF Bama piglets during breast and formula feeding.pdf

The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the growth performance, health status, and welfare of pigs. Breast milk is a key factor in the colonization of gut microbiota and the overall health of newborn piglets. With advancements in breeding technology, formula milk has been widely adopted as a substitute for breast milk. This study aims to investigate the effects of sow feeding (natural breastfeeding) and formula milk feeding on the gut microbiota of specific pathogen-free (SPF) Bama pigs. Using metagenomic sequencing technology, we analyzed 114 fecal samples to uncover the impacts of different feeding methods on gut microbial diversity, dominant microbial populations, metabolic functions, carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The results revealed significant differences in the structure and function of gut microbiota between the breast milk (BM) group and the formula milk (FM) group at day 21. The BM group exhibited higher gut microbial diversity compared to the FM group, along with more extensive metabolic functions at both the gene and species levels. Notably, the FM group demonstrated higher activity in galactose metabolism and glycan metabolism, particularly at day 21. Additionally, the FM group showed significantly higher levels of ARGs against glycopeptide antibiotics at days 21 and 28 compared to the BM group. This study also found that breastfeeding and formula feeding differentially regulate the metabolic activity of gut microbiota and the expression of related enzymes, which may have long-term effects on nutrient absorption and disease resistance in pigs. These findings provide new insights into how different feeding methods shape the gut microbiota of pigs and offer a scientific basis for optimizing feeding strategies and improving breeding efficiency.

肠道微生物群（gut microbiota）对猪的生长性能、健康状况及福利水平具有至关重要的作用。母乳是新生仔猪肠道微生物群定植与整体健康的关键影响因素。随着育种技术的进步，配方乳已被广泛用作母乳的替代乳品。本研究旨在探究母猪哺乳（自然哺乳）与配方乳饲喂对无特定病原体（SPF）巴马猪肠道微生物群的影响。采用宏基因组测序技术，本研究分析了114份粪便样本，以揭示不同饲喂方式对肠道微生物多样性、优势菌群、代谢功能、碳水化合物活性酶（CAZymes）以及抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）的影响。结果显示，在第21天时，母乳（BM）组与配方乳（FM）组的肠道微生物群结构与功能存在显著差异。母乳组的肠道微生物多样性高于配方乳组，且在基因与物种层面均具备更广泛的代谢功能。值得注意的是，配方乳组在半乳糖代谢与聚糖代谢方面活性更高，该现象在第21天时尤为显著。此外，在第21天与第28天时，配方乳组的糖肽类抗生素抗性基因水平显著高于母乳组。本研究还发现，自然哺乳与配方乳饲喂可差异化调控肠道微生物群的代谢活性及相关酶的表达，这或许会对猪的营养吸收与疾病抗性产生长期影响。上述研究结果为不同饲喂方式如何塑造猪的肠道微生物群提供了新的见解，并为优化饲喂策略、提升育种效率提供了科学依据。